Kirill (mdziko lapansi Konstantin amatchulidwa Wafilosofi; 827-869) ndi Methodius (mdziko lapansi Michael; 815-885) - oyera mtima a Orthodox and Catholic Churches, abale ochokera mumzinda wa Thessaloniki (tsopano Thessaloniki), omwe amapanga zilembo zakale za Slavonic ndi chilankhulo cha Church Slavonic, amishonale achikhristu.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa m'mabuku a Cyril ndi Methodius omwe atchulidwa m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanawerenge za mbiri yayifupi ya abale a Cyril ndi Methodius.
Nkhani za Cyril ndi Methodius
Wamkulu mwa abale awiriwa anali Methodius (Michael asanamwalire), yemwe adabadwa mu 815 mumzinda wa Thessaloniki ku Byzantine. Zaka 12 pambuyo pake, mu 827, Cyril adabadwa (Constantine asanafike). Makolo a omwe adzalalikire mtsogolo anali ndi ana amuna enanso asanu.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Cyril ndi Methodius adachokera kubanja lolemekezeka ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la mtsogoleri wankhondo wotchedwa Leo. Olemba mbiri yawo akadali kutsutsana za mtundu wa banja ili. Ena amati ndi Asilavo, ena ndi ochokera ku Bulgaria, pomwe ena amati ndi Agiriki.
Ali mwana, Cyril ndi Methodius analandira maphunziro abwino kwambiri. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti poyambirira abale anali osagwirizana chifukwa chofunitsitsa. Chifukwa chake, Methodius adapita kunkhondo, ndipo pambuyo pake adakhala bwanamkubwa wa chigawo cha Byzantine, kudziwonetsa ngati wolamulira waluso.
Kuyambira ali mwana, Cyril anali chidwi kwambiri. Anathera nthawi yake yonse yaulere akuwerenga mabuku, omwe m'masiku amenewo anali amtengo wapatali.
Mnyamatayo adadziwika ndikumbukiridwe komanso luso lamaganizidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, amalankhula bwino Chi Greek, Slavic, Chiheberi ndi Chiaramu. Ataphunzira ku Yunivesite ya Magnavr, wazaka 20 anali akuphunzitsa kale nzeru.
Utumiki wachikhristu
Ngakhale ali mwana, Cyril anali ndi mwayi wabwino wokhala mkulu, ndipo mtsogolomo, wamkulu wa asirikali. Ndipo komabe, adasiya ntchito yakudziko, adaganiza zolumikizitsa moyo wake ndi zamulungu.
M'zaka zimenezo, olamulira a Byzantine anachita zonse zotheka kufalitsa Orthodox. Kuti achite izi, boma lidatumiza akazembe ndi amishonale kumadera omwe Chisilamu kapena zipembedzo zina zinali zotchuka. Zotsatira zake, Cyril adayamba kutenga nawo mbali muutumiki waumishonale, kulalikira zikhalidwe zachikhristu kumayiko ena.
Pofika nthawiyo, Methodius adaganiza zosiya ntchito zandale komanso zankhondo, kutsatira mchimwene wake ku nyumba ya amonke. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ali ndi zaka 37 atenge malumbiro.
Mu 860, Cyril adayitanidwa kunyumba yachifumu kwa mfumu, komwe adauzidwa kuti alowe nawo ntchito ya Khazar. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nthumwi za Khazar Kagan zidalonjeza kulandira Chikhristu, bola ngati atakhutira ndi izi.
Pakutsutsana komwe kukubwera, amishonale achikhristu amayenera kutsimikizira zowona zachipembedzo chawo kwa Asilamu ndi malingaliro awo. Cyril anatenga mchimwene wake wamkulu Methodius ndikupita ku Khazars. Malinga ndi magwero ena, Kirill adakwanitsa kupambana wopambana pokambirana ndi Imam wachisilamu, koma ngakhale zili choncho, Kagan sanasinthe chikhulupiriro chake.
Komabe, a Khazars sanaletse anthu amtundu anzawo omwe amafuna kulandira Chikhristu kuti abatizidwe. Panthawiyo, chochitika chofunikira chidachitika m'mabuku a Cyril ndi Methodius.
Pobwerera kwawo, abale adayimilira ku Crimea, komwe adatha kupeza zotsalira za Clement, Papa Woyera, yemwe pambuyo pake adapita nawo ku Roma. Pambuyo pake, chochitika china chofunikira chidachitika m'moyo wa alaliki.
Kamodzi kalonga wa dziko la Moravia (dziko Asilavo) Rostislav adapempha thandizo ku boma la Constantinople. Anapempha kutumiza akatswiri azaumulungu achikhristu kwa iye, omwe amatha kufotokozera ziphunzitso zachikhristu kwa anthu m'njira yosavuta.
Chifukwa chake, Rostislav adafuna kuchotsa mphamvu za mabishopu aku Germany. Ulendo uwu wa Cyril ndi Methodius adapita m'mbiri yapadziko lonse - zilembo za Chisilavo zidapangidwa. Ku Moravia, abale agwira ntchito yophunzitsa kwambiri.
Cyril ndi Methodius adamasulira mabuku achi Greek, adaphunzitsa Asilavo kuwerenga ndi kulemba ndikuwonetsa momwe angachitire ntchito zaumulungu. Sitima zawo zidatenga zaka zitatu, pomwe adakwanitsa kuchita zinthu zofunika. Ntchito zawo zamaphunziro zidakonzekeretsa Bulgaria kuti abatizidwe.
Mu 867, abale adakakamizidwa kuti apite ku Roma, pa milandu yakunyoza Mulungu. Tchalitchi chakumadzulo chidatcha a Cyril ndi Methodius kuti ndi ampatuko, chifukwa adagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha Asilavo powerenga maulaliki, omwe panthawiyo amawonedwa ngati tchimo.
Munthawi imeneyo, mutu uliwonse wamaphunziro azaumulungu unkangokambirana m'Chigiriki, Chilatini kapena Chiheberi. Paulendo wawo wopita ku Roma, Cyril ndi Methodius adayimilira ku Blatensky. Apa adakwanitsa kupereka maulaliki, komanso kuphunzitsa anthu am'deralo malonda amabukhu.
Atafika ku Italy, amishonalewo anapatsa atsogoleri achipembedzo zinthu zakale za Clement, zomwe anabwera nazo. Papa Adrian II watsopano adakondwera ndi zotsalira kotero kuti adalola ntchito zachi Slavic. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pamsonkhanowu Methodius adapatsidwa udindo wa episcopal.
Mu 869, Cyril adamwalira, chifukwa chake Methodius yemweyo adapitilizabe kuchita umishonale. Ndi nthawi imeneyo, anali kale ndi otsatira ambiri. Adaganiza zobwerera ku Moravia kuti akapitilize ntchito yomwe adayamba kumeneko.
Apa Methodius adakumana ndi chitsutso chachikulu pamaso pa atsogoleri achipembedzo aku Germany. Mpando wachifumu wa womwalira Rostislav unatengedwa ndi mphwake Svyatopolk, yemwe anali wokhulupirika ku mfundo za Ajeremani. Omalizawa adayesetsa kuthana ndi ntchito ya amonke.
Kuyesera kulikonse koti achite ntchito zaumulungu m'Chisilavo kunazunzidwa. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti Methodius adamangidwa ngakhale kunyumba ya amonke zaka zitatu. Papa John VIII adathandizira a Byzantine kuti amasulidwe.
Ndipo, m'matchalitchi, kunali koletsedwabe kuchita ntchito mchilankhulo cha Slavic, kupatula maulaliki. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ngakhale panali zoletsa zonse, Methodius adapitilizabe kuchita zachinsinsi mu Chisilavo.
Posakhalitsa, bishopu wamkuluyo adabatiza kalonga waku Czech, yemwe adatsala pang'ono kulandira chilango chokhwima. Komabe, Methodius adakwanitsa osati kungopewa kulangidwa, komanso kupeza chilolezo chochita ntchito mu Chisilavo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, adakwanitsa kumaliza kumasulira kwa Chipangano Chakale.
Kupanga zilembo
Cyril ndi Methodius adadziwika m'mbiri makamaka monga olenga zilembo za Chisilavo. Izo zinachitika pa kutembenuka kwa 862-863. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zaka zingapo m'mbuyomu, abale anali atapanga zoyesayesa zawo zoyambirira kuti akwaniritse lingaliro lawo.
Pakadali pano mu mbiri yawo, amakhala m'mphepete mwa Phiri Little Olympus m'kachisi wamba. Cyril amadziwika kuti ndiye wolemba zilembo, koma ndiyomwe imakhalabe chinsinsi.
Akatswiri amadalira zilembo za m'Chilankhulo cha Glagolitic, monga momwe zilembo 38 zilili. Ngati tikulankhula za zilembo za Cyrillic, ndiye kuti zikuwoneka kuti zidakhazikitsidwa ndi Kliment Ohridsky. Komabe, mulimonsemo, wophunzirayo adagwiritsabe ntchito ntchito ya Cyril - ndiye amene adasiyanitsa phokoso la chilankhulo, chomwe ndichofunikira kwambiri pakupanga kulemba.
Maziko a zilembo anali odziwika achi Greek - zilembozo ndizofanana kwambiri, chifukwa chake mneniwo udasokonezedwa ndi zilembo zakum'mawa. Koma kutanthauzira mawu amtundu wa Asilavo, zilembo zachihebri zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, pakati pawo - "sh".
Imfa
Paulendo wopita ku Roma, Cyril adagwidwa ndi matenda akulu, omwe adamupha. Zimavomerezedwa kuti Cyril adamwalira pa February 14, 869 ali ndi zaka 42. Patsikuli, Akatolika amakondwerera tsiku lokumbukira oyera mtima.
Methodius adapitilira mchimwene wake atakwanitsa zaka 16, atamwalira pa Epulo 4, 885 ali ndi zaka 70. Atamwalira, pambuyo pake ku Moravia, adayambanso kuletsa kutanthauzira kwamatchalitchi, ndipo otsatira Cyril ndi Methodius adayamba kuzunzidwa kwambiri. Masiku ano amishonale a ku Byzantine amalemekezedwa ku West ndi East.
Chithunzi Cyril ndi Methodius
