Mark Tullius Cicero (106 BC. Chifukwa cha luso lake loimba, adachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri (adachokera ku banja wamba), adalowa ku Senate ndikukhala kazembe. Iye anali m'modzi mwa omwe anali owonetsa bwino kwambiri kuteteza dongosolo la republican, lomwe adalipira ndi moyo wake wonse.
Cicero adasiya cholowa chambiri, gawo lalikulu lomwe lilipobe mpaka pano. Kale m'nthawi yakale, ntchito zake zidadziwika kuti ndizoyenera, ndipo tsopano ndiye gwero lofunikira kwambiri lazambiri pazochitika zonse zaku Roma mzaka za zana loyamba BC. e. 
Makalata ambiri a Cicero adakhala maziko azikhalidwe zaku Europe; zolankhula zake, makamaka ma Catilinaries, ndi ena mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri pamtunduwu. Zolemba zafilosofi za Cicero zikuwonetsera mwatsatanetsatane mafilosofi onse achi Greek, opangira owerenga Chilatini, ndipo mwakutero adachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yazikhalidwe zakale zachiroma.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Cicero, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Mark Tullius Cicero.
Mbiri ya Cicero
Cicero adabadwa pa Januware 3, 106 BC. mumzinda wakale wa Arpinum wachiroma. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja la wokwera pamahatchi Mark Tullius Cicero ndi mkazi wake Helvia, omwe anali ndi mbiri yabwino.
Cicero ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 15, iye ndi banja lake adasamukira ku Roma, komwe akaphunzire bwino. Ndikulota kuti ndikhale woweruza milandu, adaphunzira ndakatulo ndi zolemba zachi Greek mwachidwi, komanso anaphunzirira zalankhulidwe kuchokera kwa odziyankhula odziwika.
Pambuyo pake, Marko adaphunzira zamalamulo achiroma, adadziwa bwino Chigriki ndipo adadziwana ndi nthanthi zosiyanasiyana. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ankakonda dialectics - luso lokangana.
Kwa kanthawi, Cicero adagwira ntchito yankhondo ya Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Komabe, pambuyo pake adabwerera kukaphunzira sayansi zosiyanasiyana, osachita nawo chidwi pankhani zankhondo.
Zolemba ndi nzeru
Choyambirira, Mark Tullius Cicero adadziwonetsa yekha ngati woyimba wamkulu, chifukwa chomwe adalemekezedwa ndi anthu amtundu wake. Pachifukwa ichi, adasindikiza ntchito zambiri, njira imodzi kapena ina yokhudzana ndi kuyankhula bwino.
M'malemba ake, Cicero adapereka upangiri wamomwe angalankhulire pamaso pa omvera ndikudzifotokozera mwaluso malingaliro ake. Mitu yofananayi idawululidwa m'mabuku monga "Orator", "Pakumanga zolankhula", "Pa kupeza zinthu" ndi ntchito zina.
Cicero adatulutsa malingaliro ambiri atsopano omwe cholinga chake chinali kukhazikitsa zonena. Malinga ndi iye, wolankhula wabwino amafunika kuti azitha kuyankhula zokongola pamaso pa anthu, komanso kuti akhale ndi chidziwitso chambiri, kuphunzira mbiri yakale, nzeru ndi milandu.
Ndikofunikanso kuti wokamba nkhani azikhala waluso komanso kulumikizana ndi omvera. Nthawi yomweyo, kusasinthasintha ndikofunikira kwambiri, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakulemba. Zikakhala kuti wolemba mawu agwiritsa ntchito mfundo zatsopano kapena zazing'ono, ayenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito m'njira yoti zidziwike ngakhale kwa anthu wamba. Palibe cholakwika kugwiritsa ntchito fanizo, koma liyenera kukhala lachilengedwe.
Chinthu china chofunikira kwa wolankhulira, Cicero adatcha kuthekera kutchula mawu ndi ziganizo molondola komanso momveka bwino. Zolankhula pamaso pa andale kapena oweruza ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuseka nthabwala sikungathandize kuti uthenga wanu umveke, koma nthawi zina mawu anu angamveke bwino.
Wobwebweta ayenera "kumva" omvera, kugwiritsa ntchito luso lake komanso chidziwitso chomwe adapeza. Cicero adalangiza kuti asayambe kuyankhula zokhumudwitsa. M'malo mwake, malingaliro amasiyidwa kumapeto kwa magwiridwewo. Umu ndi momwe mungakwaniritsire zotsatira zabwino.
A Mark Tullius Cicero adalimbikitsa kuti aliyense awerenge ntchito zambiri momwe angathere. Chifukwa cha ichi, munthu samalandira chidziwitso chokha, komanso amachulukitsa mulingo wakulankhula.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Cicero adatcha mbiriyakale osati sayansi, koma mtundu wa zonena. Malingaliro ake, kusanthula zochitika zam'mbuyomu sikofunikira kwenikweni. Mndandanda wazomwe zakhala zikuchitika sizimadzutsa chidwi cha owerenga, chifukwa ndizosangalatsa kuti aphunzire pazomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu achitepo kanthu kena.
Ndemanga Pazandale
Olemba mbiri ya Cicero adazindikira kuti adathandizira kwambiri pakukhulupirira boma ndi malamulo. Anatinso wogwira ntchito aliyense ayenera kuphunzira filosofi mosalephera.
Kuchita pamaso pa anthu kunakhala chizolowezi cha Cicero ali ndi zaka 25. Kulankhula kwake koyamba kudaperekedwa kwa wolamulira mwankhanza Sulla. Ngakhale kuti chiweruzo chinali choopsa, boma la Roma silinatsatire wolankhulayo.
Popita nthawi, a Mark Tullius Cicero adakhazikika ku Athens, komwe adasanthula sayansi zosiyanasiyana mwachangu. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Sulla pomwe adabwerera ku Roma. Apa, ambiri amayamba kumuitanira ngati loya pamilandu yamilandu.
Malingaliro achi Greek ndiwo adatsogolera malingaliro andale a Cicero. Nthawi yomweyo, malamulo achiroma anali ovomerezeka kwa iye. M'ntchito yake "Pa boma", wafilosofi adati boma ndi la anthu.
Malinga ndi mwamunayo, dziko la Roman Republic limafuna wolamulira yemwe angathetse mwamtendere zotsutsana zomwe zidabuka pakati pa anthu. Sanasangalale ndi mphamvu yomwe Octavian Augustus adayambitsa. Wafilosofi anali wothandizira dongosolo la republican, malingaliro awo omwe anali otsutsana ndi princeps.
Mwa njira, ma princeps ku Republic la Roma amatanthauza masenema omwe adatchulidwa koyamba pamndandanda wa Senate komanso oyamba kuvota. Kuyambira ndi Octavian, dzina loti "Princeps of the Senate" limatanthauza wonyamula mphamvu yekhayo - mfumu.
Lingaliro la mtsogoleri wapamwamba limapitilizabe zokambirana pakati pa asayansi andale. Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, Cicero anali kufunafuna malamulo oyenera kuteteza boma. Amakhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha dzikolo chimachitika m'njira ziwiri - chimamwalira kapena chimakula.
Kuti boma likule bwino, pamafunika malamulo oyenera. M'buku lake "On the Laws" Cicero adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane chiphunzitso cha malamulo achilengedwe.
Onse anthu ndi milungu ndi ofanana pamaso pa lamulo. Mark Tullius adawona kuti malamulo ovomerezeka ndi sayansi yovuta yomwe ngakhale akatswiri azamalamulo sakanatha kudziwa. Kuti malamulo ayambe kufanana ndi zaluso, olemba awo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru ndi malingaliro amilandu yaboma.
Cicero adati palibe chilungamo padziko lapansi, ndikuti atamwalira, munthu aliyense azikhala ndi mlandu pazomwe akuchita. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wokamba nkhaniyo sanalangize kutsatira lamulolo ndendende, chifukwa izi zimabweretsa kupanda chilungamo.
Malingaliro amenewa adalimbikitsa Cicero kufunsa kuti akapolo azisamalidwa bwino, mosiyana ndi omwe adalemba ntchito. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Kaisara, adakambirana "Paubwenzi" ndi ntchito "Pa Udindo."
M'mabukuwa, wafilosofi adagawana malingaliro ake pakugwa kwa boma la Republican ku Roma. Mawu ambiri a Cicero adasanthuledwa m'mawu.
Moyo waumwini
Cicero anakwatiwa kawiri. Mkazi wake woyamba anali mtsikana wotchedwa Terence. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi mtsikana Tullia ndi mnyamata wamwamuna Mark. Atakhala limodzi kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, banjali adaganiza zosiya.
Pambuyo pake, wokamba nkhani adakwatiranso Publius wachichepere. Mtsikanayo anali kukonda kwambiri Cicero kotero kuti anali kuchitira nsanje ngakhale mwana wake wamkazi wopeza. Komabe, ukwati posakhalitsa unatha.
Imfa
Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa a Julius Caesar, wafilosofi uja adapezeka pamndandanda wazomwe amamuukira Mark Antony. Zotsatira zake, adadziwika kuti ndi mdani wa anthuwo, ndipo chuma chake chonse chidalandidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, mphotho idalengezedwa chifukwa chakupha kapena kubweza kuboma la Cicero. Woyankhulirayo adayesetsa kuthawa, koma sanapeze nthawi. Mark Tullius Cicero adaphedwa pa Disembala 7, 43, ali ndi zaka 63.
Ophawo adagwira woganiza pafupi kwambiri ndi malo ake ku Formia. Powona kuti anthu akumutsatira, mwamunayo adalamula akapolo kuti ayike palanquin pansi, momwe anali. Pambuyo pake, Cicero anatulutsa mutu wake pansi pa nsalu yotchinga ndikukonzekeretsa khosi lake lupanga la omwe amawatsata.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mutu wodulidwa ndi manja a wafilosofi adatengedwa kupita ku Antony, kenako nkuikidwa papulatifomu.
Chithunzi cha Cicero
