Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - Wasayansi waku Italiya, wamakaniko, wasayansi, wafilosofi komanso masamu, yemwe adakhudza kwambiri sayansi ya nthawi yake. Iye anali mmodzi mwa oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito telesikopu kuti ayang'ane zakuthambo ndikupanga zofunikira zingapo zakuthambo.
Galileo ndiye woyambitsa sayansi yoyesera. Kupyolera mu zoyesera zake, adatha kutsutsa malingaliro a Aristotle ndikukhazikitsa maziko amakaniko akale.
Galileo adatchuka chifukwa chothandizira kwambiri kayendedwe kazinthu zakuthambo padziko lapansi, zomwe zidadzetsa mkangano waukulu ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Galileo, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale mbiri yayifupi ya Galileo Galilei.
Mbiri ya Galileo
Galileo Galilei adabadwa pa February 15, 1564 mumzinda waku Pisa ku Italy. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja la wolemekezeka wosauka Vincenzo Galilei ndi mkazi wake Julia Ammannati. Zonsezi, okwatiranawo anali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi, awiri mwa iwo adamwalira ali mwana.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Galileo ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 8, iye ndi banja lake adasamukira ku Florence, komwe mafumu a Medici, odziwika bwino chifukwa chothandizira ojambula ndi asayansi, adakula.
Apa Galileo adapita kukaphunzira ku agulupa am'deralo, komwe adalandiridwa ngati woyambitsa dongosolo la amonke. Mnyamatayo adadziwika ndi chidwi komanso chidwi chachikulu chofuna kudziwa. Zotsatira zake, adakhala m'modzi mwa ophunzira opambana a amonke.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Galileo adafuna kukhala mtsogoleri wachipembedzo, koma abambo ake anali osagwirizana ndi zolinga za mwana wawo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti, kuwonjezera pakupambana pantchito zoyambira, anali katswiri wojambula ndipo anali ndi mphatso yoimba.
Ali ndi zaka 17, Galileo adalowa ku Yunivesite ya Pisa, komwe adaphunzirira zamankhwala. Ku yunivesite, adachita chidwi ndi masamu, zomwe zidamupatsa chidwi chachikulu kotero kuti mutu wabanja udayamba kuda nkhawa kuti masamu angamusokoneze ku zamankhwala. Kuphatikiza apo, mnyamatayo yemwe anali ndi chidwi chachikulu adachita chidwi ndi chiphunzitso chakumtunda cha Copernicus.
Ataphunzira ku yunivesite kwa zaka zitatu, Galileo Galilei adayenera kubwerera kwawo, popeza abambo ake sanathenso kulipirira maphunziro ake. Komabe, wasayansi wachuma wokonda kwambiri Marquis Guidobaldo del Monte adakwanitsa kukopa chidwi cha wophunzira yemwe angamuthandize, yemwe amawona maluso ambiri a mnyamatayo.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti Monte nthawi ina ananena izi za Galileo: "Kuyambira nthawi ya Archimedes, dziko lapansi silinadziwepo waluntha ngati Galileo." A Marquis adayesetsa kuthandiza mnyamatayo kuzindikira malingaliro ake ndi chidziwitso chake.
Chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa Guidobald, Galileo adadziwitsidwa kwa Duke Ferdinand 1 wa a Medici. Kuphatikiza apo, adafunsira mwayi woyeserera wolipirayo kwa mnyamatayo.
Gwiritsani ntchito ku yunivesite
Pamene Galileo anali ndi zaka 25, adabwerera ku Yunivesite ya Pisa, koma osati monga wophunzira, koma ngati pulofesa wamasamu. Nthawi yonseyi ya mbiri yake, adaphunzira mozama osati masamu okha, komanso makina.
Patatha zaka zitatu, mnyamatayo anaitanidwa kukagwira ntchito ku yunivesite yotchuka ya Padua, komwe anaphunzitsa masamu, makina ndi zakuthambo. Anali ndiulamuliro waukulu pakati paogwira nawo ntchito, chifukwa chake malingaliro ake ndi malingaliro ake zidatengedwa mozama kwambiri.
Zinali ku Padua pomwe zaka za Galileo zopatsa zipatso kwambiri pantchito zasayansi zidadutsa. Kuchokera pansi pa cholembera chake kunabwera ntchito monga "On Motion" ndi "Mechanics", zomwe zimatsutsa malingaliro a Aristotle. Kenako adakwanitsa kupanga telescope kudzera momwe zidakwanitsira kuyang'ana zakuthambo.
Zomwe anapeza zomwe Galileo adapanga ndi telescope, adazifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane m'buku la "Star Messenger". Atabwerera ku Florence mu 1610, adalemba buku latsopano, Letters on Sunspots. Ntchitoyi idadzetsa mphepo yamkuntho pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika, zomwe zitha kutaya wasayansiyo moyo wake.
Munthawi imeneyo, Khoti Lalikulu la Kafukufuku linagwira ntchito pamlingo waukulu. Galileo anazindikira kuti posachedwapa Akatolika anawotcha Giordano Bruno pamtengo, yemwe sanafune kusiya malingaliro ake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Galileo yemweyo adadziona ngati Mkatolika wopereka chitsanzo chabwino ndipo sanawone kutsutsana kulikonse pakati pa ntchito zake ndi kapangidwe kachilengedwe mumalingaliro ampingo.
Galileo ankakhulupirira Mulungu, anaphunzira Baibulo ndipo anatenga zonse zolembedwamo mozama. Posakhalitsa, wasayansiyo apita ku Roma kuti akawonetse telesikopu yake kwa Papa Paul 5.
Ngakhale oyimira atsogoleri achipembedzo adayamika chipangizocho pophunzira zakuthambo, mawonekedwe am'mlengalenga apadziko lapansi adawakhumudwitsabe. Papa, pamodzi ndi omutsatira ake, adamenya nkhondo ndi Galileo, kumamutcha kuti ndi wampatuko.
Mlandu wotsutsana ndi wasayansiyo udayambitsidwa mu 1615. Chaka chotsatira, Commission ya Roma idalengeza mwalamulo heliocentrism kuti ndi mpatuko. Pachifukwa ichi, aliyense amene mwanjira inayake amadalira paradigm ya dongosolo la dziko lapansi ladziko lapansi amazunzidwa kwambiri.
Nzeru
Galileo ndi munthu woyamba kusintha zasayansi mu sayansi. Iye anali wotsatira wamalingaliro - njira yomwe pazifukwa zake imakhala ngati maziko a chidziwitso ndi zochita za anthu.
Chilengedwe chimakhala chosatha komanso chopanda malire. Ndi makina ovuta kwambiri, omwe Mulungu ndiye adawalenga. Palibe chilichonse mumlengalenga chomwe chingathe kusowa popanda kanthu - zingosintha mawonekedwe ake. Maziko achilengedwe ndi mayendedwe amtundu wa tinthu, pofufuza zomwe mungaphunzire malamulo achilengedwe.
Kutengera izi, Galileo adati chilichonse chasayansi chiyenera kutengera luso komanso chidziwitso chadzikoli. Nkhani yofunikira kwambiri yafilosofi ndi chilengedwe, chowerenga chomwe chimatheka kuyandikira ku chowonadi ndi mfundo yayikulu pazonse zomwe zilipo.
Wasayansi amatsata njira ziwiri zasayansi yachilengedwe - kuyesera komanso kupatula. Kudzera njira yoyamba, Galileo adatsimikizira zododometsa, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi yachiwiri adasunthira kuchoka kuyesera imodzi kupita ku ina, kuyesera kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa chidziwitso.
Choyamba, Galileo Galilei adadalira ziphunzitso za Archimedes. Podzudzula malingaliro a Aristotle, sanakane njira yowunikira yomwe wafilosofi wakale wachi Greek adachita.
Zakuthambo
Atapanga telescope mu 1609, Galileo adayamba kuphunzira mosamala kayendedwe ka zakuthambo. Popita nthawi, adakwanitsa kukonzanso ma telesikopu, ndikukwaniritsa 32 kukulitsa zinthu.
Poyamba, Galileo adasanthula Mwezi, ndikupeza ma crater ndi mapiri ambiri pamenepo. Kupeza koyamba kunatsimikizira kuti Dziko Lapansi munyimbo zake sizimasiyana ndi zakuthambo zina. Chifukwa chake, mwamunayo adatsutsa lingaliro la Aristotle pankhani yosiyanitsa chilengedwe chapadziko lapansi ndi chakumwamba.
Chotsatira chotsatira chofunikira chokhudzana ndi kupezeka kwa ma satelayiti a 4 a Jupiter. Chifukwa cha izi, adatsutsa zotsutsana ndi a Copernicus, omwe adati ngati mwezi uzungulira dziko lapansi, ndiye kuti dziko lapansi silingayendenso mozungulira dzuwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Galileo Galilei adatha kuwona mawanga pa Dzuwa. Pambuyo pophunzira nyenyeziyo kwanthawi yayitali, adazindikira kuti imazungulira mozungulira.
Atafufuza za Venus ndi Mercury, wasayansiyo adatsimikiza kuti ali pafupi ndi Dzuwa kuposa dziko lathuli. Kuphatikiza apo, adawona kuti Saturn ili ndi mphete. Anawonanso Neptune ndipo adalongosola zina mwazinthu za dziko lapansi.
Komabe, popeza anali ndi zida zopepuka zochepa, Galileo sanathe kufufuza mozama zakuthambo. Atachita kafukufuku wambiri komanso kuyesera, adapereka umboni wotsimikizika kuti Dziko lapansi silimangoyenda mozungulira Dzuwa, komanso pamzere wake.
Izi ndi zina zotulukapo zinatsimikizira zakuthambo kuti Nicolaus Copernicus sanalakwitse pazomveka zake.
Makaniko ndi Masamu
Galileo adawona mayendedwe amkati pamtima wamachitidwe achilengedwe. Anapanga zambiri m'munda wa makina, ndipo adayikanso maziko a zowonjezera mu fizikiya.
Galileo anali woyamba kukhazikitsa lamulo lakugwa, kutsimikizira kuti kuyesera. Adapereka njira yoyendetsera chinthu chomwe chikuuluka mozungulira mpaka kopingasa.
Kuyenda kwaphiphiritso kwa thupi loponyedwa kunachita gawo lalikulu pakukonza matebulo azombo.
Galileo adakhazikitsa lamulo la inertia, lomwe lidakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamakaniko. Anatha kudziwa momwe ma pendulum amasinthira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti wotchi yoyambirira ya pendulum ipangidwe.
Makaniko adachita chidwi ndi kutha kwazinthu zakuthupi, zomwe pambuyo pake zidapangitsa kuti pakhale sayansi ina. Malingaliro a Galileo adapanga maziko a malamulo achilengedwe. Mwa ziwerengero, adakhala wolemba lingaliro lofunikira - mphindi yamphamvu.
Mwa kulingalira masamu, Galileo anali pafupi ndi lingaliro la lingaliro la kuthekera. Adafotokoza malingaliro ake mwatsatanetsatane mu buku lotchedwa "Discourse on the game of dice."
Mwamunayo adazindikira chovuta chodziwika masamu chokhudza manambala achilengedwe komanso mabwalo awo. Mawerengedwe ake adachita gawo lofunikira pakukhazikitsa malingaliro ndi gulu lawo.
Kusamvana ndi mpingo
Mu 1616, Galileo Galilei adayenera kulowa mumthunzi chifukwa chakusemphana ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Anakakamizidwa kubisa malingaliro ake osawatchula pagulu.
Katswiri wa zakuthambo adafotokoza malingaliro ake momwe adalemba mu "The Assayer" (1623). Bukuli ndi lokhalo lomwe linasindikizidwa pambuyo poti a Copernicus adazindikira kuti ndi ampatuko.
Komabe, atatulutsidwa mu 1632 mawu amwano "Kukambirana pazinthu ziwiri zikuluzikulu padziko lapansi", Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo linapangitsa wasayansi kuzunzidwa kwatsopano. Ofufuzawo anayambitsa mlandu wa Galileo. Anamuimbanso mlandu wampatuko, koma nthawi ino nkhaniyi inasintha kwambiri.
Moyo waumwini
Pomwe amakhala ku Padua, Galileo adakumana ndi Marina Gamba, yemwe adayamba kukhala naye limodzi. Zotsatira zake, achinyamata anali ndi mwana wamwamuna, Vincenzo, ndi ana awiri aakazi - Livia ndi Virginia.
Popeza kuti ukwati wa Galileo ndi Marina sunalembedwe, izi zidakhudza ana awo. Anawo atakula, adakakamizidwa kukhala masisitere. Ali ndi zaka 55, wasayansiyo adatha kulembetsa mwana wake kukhala wovomerezeka.
Chifukwa cha ichi, Vincenzo anali ndi ufulu wokwatira mtsikana ndikubereka mwana wamwamuna. Kutsogoloku, mdzukulu wawo wa Galileo adadzakhala chimonke. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adawotcha zolembedwa pamanja zamtengo wapatali za agogo ake omwe adasunga, popeza amawerengedwa kuti ndi opanda umulungu.
Bwalo la Inquisition litalamula Galileo, adakhazikika pamalo ena ku Arcetri, yomwe idamangidwa pafupi ndi kachisi wa ana akazi.
Imfa
Pomwe adamangidwa kwakanthawi mu 1633, Galileo Galilei adakakamizidwa kusiya lingaliro "lachiphamaso" loti heliocentrism, adamangidwa mpaka kalekale. Anali atatsekeredwa m'nyumba, amatha kulankhula ndi gulu lina la anthu.
Wasayansiyo adakhala kunyumba mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake. Galileo Galilei anamwalira pa Januware 8, 1642 ali ndi zaka 77. M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, adakhala wakhungu, koma izi sizinamulepheretse kupitiliza kuphunzira sayansi, pogwiritsa ntchito ophunzira ake okhulupirika: Viviani, Castelli ndi Torricelli.
Pambuyo pa imfa ya Galileo, Papa sanalole kuti aikidwe m'manda a Tchalitchi cha Santa Croce, monga wofufuza zakuthambo amafuna. Galileo adakwanitsa kukwaniritsa chifuniro chake chomaliza mu 1737, pambuyo pake manda ake anali pafupi ndi Michelangelo.
Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chidabwezeretsanso lingaliro la heliocentrism, koma wasayansiyo adalungamitsidwa zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake. Kulakwitsa kwa Bwalo la Inquisition kunadziwika mu 1992 ndi Papa John Paul 2.