Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) - Masamu waku Soviet, m'modzi mwa akatswiri masamu azaka za zana la 20, wophunzira ku USSR Academy of Science. Laureate wa Mphoto ya Lenin, Mphoto ya Stalin ya 2e degree ndi USSR State Prize.
Adachita nawo gawo lalikulu pamasamba a algebraic ndi masiyanidwe, malingaliro oscillation, kuwerengetsa kwakusiyana, malingaliro owongolera. Ntchito za sukulu ya Pontryagin zidathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa malingaliro owongolera ndi kuwerengera kwakusiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Pontryagin, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Lev Pontryagin.
Wambiri Pontryagin
Leo Pontryagin adabadwa pa Ogasiti 21 (Seputembara 3) 1908 ku Moscow. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja losavuta.
Abambo a masamuwo, Semyon Akimovich, adamaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu ya 6, pambuyo pake adagwira ntchito yowerengera ndalama. Amayi, Tatyana Andreevna, ankagwira ntchito yosoka, ali ndi luso labwino.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pontryagin ali ndi zaka 14, adachita ngozi. Chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mnyamatayo, adatenthedwa kwambiri kumaso.
Matenda ake anali ovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chakupsa, adasiya kuwona. Kuyesera kwa madotolo kuti abwezeretse kuwona kwa wachinyamatayo kudalephera.
Kuphatikiza apo, atachita opareshoni, maso a Leo adatupa kwambiri, chifukwa chake sakanatha kuwona.
Kwa bambo ake, tsoka la mwana wamwamuna linali vuto lenileni, lomwe samachira. Mutu wabanjali adatha msanga kutha kugwira ntchito ndipo mu 1927 adamwalira ndi sitiroko.
Amayi amasiye anachita zonse zotheka kuti mwana wawo asangalale. Atasowa maphunziro oyenera a masamu, iye, pamodzi ndi Leo, adayamba kuphunzira masamu kuti amukonzekeretse kulowa University.
Chifukwa, Pontryagin anatha bwino mayeso ku yunivesite ya dipatimenti ya sayansi ndi masamu.
Mu mbiri ya Leo Pontryagin panali chochitika chosangalatsa kwambiri chomwe chidachitika pa imodzi mwamaphunziro. Pomwe m'modzi mwa apulofesa amafotokozera ophunzira mutu wina, ndikuwonjezera ndi kufotokozera pa bolodi, mwadzidzidzi mawu a Leo wakhungu adamveka: "Pulofesa, walakwitsa kujambula!"
Pomwepo, Pontryagin wakhungu "adamva" makonzedwe azithunzithunzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo adaganiza kuti pali cholakwika.
Ntchito yasayansi
Pamene Pontryagin anali mu chaka chachiwiri yekha ku yunivesite, anali atagwira kale mwakhama ntchito za sayansi.
Ali ndi zaka 22, mnyamatayo adakhala pulofesa wothandizira wa algebra kunyumba kwake kuyunivesite, komanso adatsiriza ku Research Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics ku Moscow State University. Patatha zaka 5, adapatsidwa digiri ya Doctor of Physical and Mathematics Mathematics.
Malinga ndi a Lev Pontryagin, amakonda masamu kuti athetse mavuto ofunikira pagulu.
Pakadali pano, mbiri ya wasayansiyo adaphunzira ntchito za Henri Poincaré, George Birkhoff ndi Marston Morse. Pamodzi ndi omwe anali nawo, nthawi zambiri ankasonkhana kunyumba kuti awerenge ndi kuyankha pa ntchito za olemba awa.
Mu 1937, Pontryagin, pamodzi ndi mnzake Alexander Andronov, anapereka ntchito pa machitidwe a mphamvu omwe anali ndi ntchito. M'chaka chomwecho, nkhani yamasamba 4 "Rough Systems" idasindikizidwa mu Reports of the Academy of Science of the USSR, pamaziko omwe chiphunzitso chachikulu cha machitidwe amachitidwe adapangidwa.
Lev Pontryagin adathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa topology, yomwe panthawiyo inali yotchuka kwambiri mdziko lasayansi.
Katswiri wa masamu adatha kuphatikiza malamulo awambiri a Alexander ndipo, pamaziko ake, adakhazikitsa lingaliro la otsogola amitundu (Pontryagin). Kuphatikiza apo, adachita bwino kwambiri pamalingaliro okonda amuna okhaokha, komanso adatsimikiza kulumikizana pakati pa magulu a Betti.
Pontryagin adachita chidwi ndi chiphunzitso cha oscillations. Anakwanitsa kupanga zinthu zingapo pazosokoneza bongo za kupumula.
Zaka zingapo kutha kwa Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), Leo Semyonovich anachita chidwi ndi chiphunzitso chokhazikitsa. Pambuyo pake adakwanitsa kupeza lingaliro la masewera osiyana.
Pontryagin adapitilizabe "kupukuta" malingaliro ake pamodzi ndi ophunzira ake. Pamapeto pake, chifukwa cha ntchito yamagulu, akatswiri masamu adakwanitsa kupanga chiphunzitso cha kuwongolera koyenera, komwe Leo Semenovich adatcha kupambana kwakukulu pantchito zawo zonse.
Ndiyamika kuwerengera analandira, wasayansi anatha kupeza otchedwa mfundo pazipita, amene anayamba kutchedwa - mfundo pazipita Pontryagin.
Chifukwa cha zomwe adachita, gulu la asayansi achichepere motsogozedwa ndi Lev Pontryagin adapatsidwa Mphotho ya Lenin (1962).
Zochita zophunzitsa komanso zochitika pagulu
Pontryagin chidwi chachikulu pa dongosolo la kuphunzitsa masamu m'masukulu.
M'malingaliro ake, ana asukulu ayenera kuphunzira njira zofunika kwambiri komanso zowerengera zomwe zitha kuwathandiza mtsogolo. Ophunzira sayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chakuya kwambiri, chifukwa sichingakhale chothandiza kwa iwo tsiku ndi tsiku.
Komanso, a Lev Pontryagin adalimbikitsa kuti afotokozere nkhaniyi m'njira zomveka. Anatinso palibe womanga yemwe angalankhule za 2 "congruent slabs" (kapena wosoka zovala za "nsalu zophatikizana"), koma amangofanana ndi matabwa (nsalu).
Pakati pa 40-50s, Pontryagin mobwerezabwereza adayesetsa kumasula asayansi omwe adaponderezedwa. Ndiyamika khama lake, masamu Rokhlin ndi Efremovich anali omasuka.
Pontryagin adanenedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti amadana ndi Chiyuda. Komabe, katswiri wa masamu ananena kuti mawu onsewa omwe amamunenera anali osinjirira.
Ali okalamba, Lev Pontryagin adadzudzula ntchito zokhudzana ndi kutembenuka kwa mitsinje ya Siberia. Anakwanitsanso zokambirana zamasamu molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa Nyanja ya Caspian pamsonkhano wa akatswiri a masamu ku USSR Academy of Science.
Moyo waumwini
Kwa nthawi yayitali, Leo sanathe kuchita bwino pamaso pake. Amayi anali kuchitira nsanje mwana wawo wamwamuna kwa osankhidwa ake, chifukwa chake adangonena za iwo m'njira zoyipa zokha.
Pachifukwa ichi, Pontryagin sanangokwatirana mochedwa, komanso adapirira mayesero akulu m'mabanja onse awiri.
Mkazi woyamba wa masamu anali biologist Taisiya Samuilovna Ivanova. Awiriwo adalembetsa ubale wawo mu 1941, atakhala limodzi zaka 11.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, asanalembe zolemba pamapeto pake, Lev Semenovich adalemba Ph.D. chiphunzitso cha mkazi wake pa morphology ya dzombe, ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi chitetezo chake. Pamene Taisiya adadzitchinjiriza bwino, Pontryagin adaganiza kuti tsopano atha kumusiya "ndi chikumbumtima choyera".
Mu 1958, mwamunayo adakwatiranso ndi Alexandra Ignatievna. Amakonda mkazi wake kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse amayesetsa kumusamalira momwe angathere.
Ngakhale Pontryagin anali wakhungu, sanafunikire thandizo la wina aliyense. Amayenda m'misewu yekha, nthawi zambiri amagwa ndikuvulala. Zotsatira zake, panali zipsera zambiri kumaso kwake.
Komanso, pakati pa zaka zapitazi, Leo Semenovich anaphunzira kutsetsereka ndi kutsetsereka pa ayezi, komanso kusambira mu kayak.
Zaka zapitazi ndi imfa
Pontryagin analibe zovuta chifukwa anali wakhungu. Sanadandaule za moyo wake, chifukwa chake anzawo sanamuwone ngati wakhungu.
Zaka zingapo asanamwalire, wasayansiyo anali ndi chifuwa chachikulu ndi chibayo. Malangizo a mkazi wake, adakhala wosadya nyama. Mwamunayo ananena kuti kudya zakudya zamasamba zokha kumamuthandiza kupirira matenda.
Lev Semenovich Pontryagin anamwalira pa Meyi 3, 1988 ali ndi zaka 79.
Zithunzi za Pontryagin
