Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck - Wophunzitsa zamafilosofi waku Germany, yemwe adayambitsa fizikiki ya quantum. Laureate wa Nobel Prize in Physics (1918) ndi mphotho zina zapamwamba, membala wa Prussian Academy of Science ndi mabungwe ena ambiri asayansi yakunja.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Max Planck zomwe mwina simukudziwa.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Max Planck.
Mbiri ya Max Planck
Max Planck adabadwa pa Epulo 23, 1858 mumzinda waku Kiel ku Germany. Anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la banja lakale lolemekezeka.
Agogo ake a agogo a Max anali aphunzitsi a zamulungu, ndipo amalume ake anali loya wotchuka.
Abambo a wasayansi yamtsogolo, a Wilhelm Planck, anali pulofesa wazamalamulo ku University of Keele. Amayi, a Emma Patzig, anali mwana wamkazi wa m'busa. Kuphatikiza pa Max, banjali linali ndi ana ena anayi.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Zaka 9 zoyambirira za moyo wake Max Planck adakhala ku Kiel. Pambuyo pake, iye ndi banja lake anasamukira ku Bavaria, monga bambo ake anapatsidwa ntchito ku yunivesite ya Munich.
Pasanapite nthawi mnyamatayo anatumizidwa kukaphunzira ku Maximilian Gymnasium, yomwe inali imodzi mwa maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri ku Munich.
Planck adalandira mendulo zonse, pokhala mgulu la ophunzira ophunzira bwino kwambiri.
Nthawi imeneyo, zolemba za Max zinali ndi chidwi ndi sayansi yeniyeni. Anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi aphunzitsi a masamu a Hermann Müller, omwe adaphunzira kuchokera kwa iwo za malamulo osungira mphamvu.
Wophunzira wokonda chidwi adatengeka ndi malamulo achilengedwe, maphunziro azinthu, komanso nyimbo zosangalatsa.
Max Planck anaimba mu kwayala ya anyamata ndipo adasewera limba bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, adakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu ndi nyimbo ndipo adayesa kupanga nyimbo.
Atamaliza maphunziro awo kusekondale, Planck adapambana bwino mayeso ku University of Munich. Nthawi yomweyo, mnyamatayo adapitiliza kuphunzira nyimbo, nthawi zambiri amasewera limba kutchalitchi chapafupi.
Pasanapite nthawi, Max adakhala ngati wotsogolera nawo kwaya yaophunzira ndipo adatsogolera gulu la oimba.
Malangizo a abambo ake, Planck adayamba kuphunzira za sayansi ya zamankhwala motsogozedwa ndi Pulofesa Philip von Jolly. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Jolly adalangiza wophunzirayo kuti asiye sayansiyi, chifukwa, m'malingaliro ake, inali itatsala pang'ono kutha.
Komabe, Max anali wofunitsitsa kumvetsetsa mosamalitsa kapangidwe kake ka sayansi, chifukwa chake adayamba kuphunzira ntchito zosiyanasiyana pamutuwu ndikupita kukaphunzira za sayansi yoyesera ya Wilhelm von Betz.
Atakumana ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wasayansi, a Hermann Helmholtz, Planck adaganiza zopitiliza maphunziro ake ku University of Berlin.
Munthawi imeneyi ya maphunziro, wophunzirayo amapita kukaphunzira ndi katswiri wamasamu Karl Weierstrass, komanso amafufuza ntchito za apulofesa a Helmholtz ndi Kirgoff. Pambuyo pake, adaphunzira za Claesius pamalingaliro a kutentha, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti azichita nawo mwakhama maphunziro a thermodynamics.
Sayansi
Ali ndi zaka 21, a Max Planck adapatsidwa udokotala atateteza dissertation pamalamulo achiwiri a thermodynamics. M'ntchito yake, adakwanitsa kutsimikizira kuti ndikudziyendetsa bwino, kutentha sikumasamutsidwa kuchoka m'thupi lozizira kupita kukutentha.
Posakhalitsa wasayansiyo amafalitsa ntchito yatsopano pa thermodynamics ndikulandila udindo wothandizira wamkulu ku dipatimenti ya fizikiya ku yunivesite ya Munich.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Max amakhala pulofesa wothandizira ku University of Kiel kenako ku University of Berlin. Pakadali pano, mbiri yake ikudziwika kwambiri pakati pa asayansi apadziko lonse lapansi.
Pambuyo pake, Planck anali wodalirika kuti atsogolera Institute for Theoretical Physics. Mu 1892, wasayansi wazaka 34 amakhala profesa wanthawi zonse.
Pambuyo pake, Max Planck amaphunzira mwakuya kutentha kwa matupi. Amazindikira kuti ma radiation yamagetsi sangapitirire. Imayenda mwa mawonekedwe a quanta iliyonse, yomwe kukula kwake kumadalira pafupipafupi.
Zotsatira zake, a sayansi amapeza njira yogawa mphamvu pamtundu wakuda wakuda.
Mu 1900, Planck adapanga lipoti pazomwe adapeza ndipo potero adakhala woyambitsa - chiphunzitso cha quantum. Zotsatira zake, patadutsa miyezi ingapo, pamalingaliro ake, zomwe Boltzmann amachita nthawi zonse zimawerengedwa.
Max amatha kudziwa momwe Avogadro amakhalira nthawi zonse - kuchuluka kwa ma atomu mu mole imodzi. Kupeza kwa wasayansi waku Germany kunalola Einstein kupititsa patsogolo malingaliro azambiri.
Mu 1918 Max Planck adapatsidwa mphotho ya Nobel mu Fiziki "pozindikira kupezeka kwa quanta yamagetsi."
Patatha zaka 10, wasayansiyo adalengeza kuti wasiya ntchito, ndikupitiliza kugwira ntchito ndi Kaiser Wilhelm Society for Basic Sciences. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, adakhala purezidenti wawo.
Chipembedzo ndi filosofi
Planck adaphunzitsidwa ndi mzimu wa Lutheran. Asanadye chakudya, amapemphera nthawi zonse kenako amangodya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kuyambira 1920 mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, mwamunayo adakhala prebyter.
Max ankakhulupirira kuti sayansi ndi chipembedzo zimathandiza kwambiri pamoyo wa anthu. Komabe, adatsutsa umodzi wawo.
Wasayansi poyera anadzudzula mtundu uliwonse wa mizimu, kupenda nyenyezi ndi theosophy, zomwe panthawiyo zinali zotchuka kwambiri pagulu.
M'maphunziro ake, Planck sanatchulepo dzina la Khristu. Kuphatikiza apo, wasayansiyo adatsimikiza kuti, ngakhale kuyambira ali wachinyamata anali "wokonda zachipembedzo", samakhulupirira "mwaumwini, osatchula mulungu wachikhristu."
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi woyamba wa Max anali Maria Merck, yemwe adamudziwa kuyambira ali mwana. Pambuyo pake, banjali linali ndi ana awiri - Karl ndi Erwin, ndi mapasa awiri - Emma ndi Greta.
Mu 1909, mkazi wokondedwa wa Planck amwalira. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, mwamunayo adakwatirana ndi Margarita von Hesslin, yemwe anali mphwake wa malemu Maria.
Mgwirizanowu, mwana wamwamuna Herman adabadwa kwa Max ndi Margarita.
Popita nthawi, mu mbiri ya Max Planck, pali zovuta zingapo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi abale ake apamtima. Mwana wake woyamba kubadwa Karl amwalira mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko I (1914-1918), ndipo ana onse aakazi amwalira pobereka pakati pa 1917-1919.
Mwana wachiwiri kuchokera kuukwati wake woyamba adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe mu 1945 chifukwa chochita chiwembu chotsutsana ndi Hitler. Ndipo ngakhale katswiri wodziwika bwino anayesetsa kupulumutsa Erwin, sizinaphule kanthu.
Planck anali m'modzi mwa anthu ochepa omwe adateteza Ayuda pomwe a Nazi adalamulira. Pamsonkhano ndi Fuhrer, adamulimbikitsa kuti asiye kuzunzidwa kwa anthuwa.
Hitler, mwachizolowezi chake, adafotokoza za nkhope yake, zonse zomwe amaganiza za Ayuda, pambuyo pake Max sanatchulenso mutuwu.
Kumapeto kwa nkhondo, nyumba ya Planck idawonongedwa panthawi yomwe bomba linawombedwa, ndipo wasayansiyo adapulumuka modabwitsa. Zotsatira zake, banjali lidakakamizidwa kuthawira kunkhalango, komwe adasungidwa ndi mkaka.
Zochitika zonsezi zidakhumudwitsa kwambiri thanzi la mwamunayo. Ankadwala nyamakazi ya msana, zomwe zinamupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuti asamuke.
Chifukwa cha khama la Pulofesa Robert Pohl, asitikali aku America atumizidwa kwa Planck ndi mkazi wake kuti amuthandize kusamukira ku Göttingen.
Atakhala milungu ingapo kuchipatala, Max adayamba kumva bwino. Atamasulidwa, adayambiranso kuchita nawo zasayansi ndikuphunzitsa.
Imfa
Wopambana mphotho ya Nobel atamwalira, Kaiser Wilhelm Society idasinthidwa kukhala Max Planck Society, chifukwa chothandizira pakukula kwa sayansi.
M'ngululu ya 1947, Planck adapereka maphunziro omaliza kwa ophunzirawo, pambuyo pake thanzi lake limakhala likuipiraipira tsiku lililonse.
Max Planck anamwalira pa Okutobala 4, 1947 ali ndi zaka 89. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali sitiroko.
Chithunzi ndi Max Planck
