Francis Lukich Skaryna - Wolemba East Slavic wosindikiza, wafilosofi wachifundo, wolemba, wolemba, wochita bizinesi komanso wasayansi-dokotala. Wotanthauzira mabuku a Baibulo mu mtundu wachi Belarusi wa chilankhulo cha Tchalitchi cha Slavonic. Ku Belarus, amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino kwambiri m'mbiri.
Mu mbiri ya Francysk Skaryna, pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zidatengera moyo wake wasayansi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Francysk Skaryna.
Mbiri ya Francysk Skaryna
Francis Skaryna adabadwa mu 1490 mumzinda wa Polotsk, womwe panthawiyo unali mdera la Grand Duchy ku Lithuania.
Francis adakula ndipo adaleredwa m'mabanja amalonda a Lucian ndi mkazi wake Margaret.
Skaryna adamaliza maphunziro ake ku Polotsk. Munthawi imeneyi, adapita kusukulu ya amonke a Bernardine, komwe adakwanitsa kuphunzira Chilatini.
Pambuyo pake, Francis adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Krakow Academy. Kumeneku adaphunzirira zaluso zaulere za 7, zomwe zimaphatikizapo nzeru, malamulo, zamankhwala ndi zamulungu.
Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku digiri yoyamba, a Francis adapempha digirii ku University of Padua yaku Italy. Zotsatira zake, wophunzira waluso adatha kupitilira mayeso onse ndikukhala dokotala wa sayansi yamankhwala.
Mabuku
Olemba mbiri yakale mpaka pano sananene motsimikiza zomwe zidachitika mu mbiri ya Francysk Skaryna munthawi ya 1512-1517.
Kuchokera pazopezeka, zikuwonekeratu kuti pakapita nthawi adasiya zamankhwala ndikukhala ndi chidwi ndi kusindikiza mabuku.
Atakhazikika ku Prague, Skaryna adatsegula bwalo losindikizira ndikuyamba kumasulira mwachangu mabuku achilankhulo cha Tchalitchi kupita ku East Slavic. Anamasulira bwino mabuku 23 a m'Baibulo, kuphatikiza Psalter, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndiyo buku loyamba losindikizidwa ku Belarusi.
Kwa nthawi imeneyo, mabuku ofalitsidwa ndi Francysk Skaryna anali amtengo wapatali.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wolemba adawonjezera ntchito zake ndi mawu oyamba ndi ndemanga.
Francis anayesetsa kumasulira matembenuzidwe amene ngakhale anthu wamba angawamvetse. Zotsatira zake, ngakhale owerenga osaphunzira kapena osaphunzira amatha kumvetsetsa malemba Opatulika.
Kuphatikiza apo, Skaryna adayang'anitsitsa kapangidwe kazofalitsa. Mwachitsanzo, adalemba zojambula, zojambulajambula ndi zinthu zina zokongoletsera ndi dzanja lake.
Kotero, ntchito ya wofalitsa sikuti inangokhala onyamula zina zokha, komanso inasandulika zinthu zaluso.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1520, zinthu ku likulu la Czech zidasinthiratu, zomwe zidakakamiza Skaryna kubwerera kwawo. Ku Belarus, adatha kukhazikitsa bizinesi yosindikiza, atatulutsa nkhani zachipembedzo komanso zadziko - "Buku laling'ono loyenda".
Pogwira ntchitoyi, Francis adagawana ndi owerenga zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, zakuthambo, miyambo, kalendala ndi zinthu zina zosangalatsa.
Mu 1525 Skaryna adasindikiza buku lake lomaliza, "The Apostle", pambuyo pake adapita ku mayiko aku Europe. Mwa njira, mu 1564 buku lomwe lili ndi mutu womwewo lidzasindikizidwa ku Moscow, wolemba wake adzakhala m'modzi mwa osindikiza mabuku aku Russia otchedwa Ivan Fedorov.
Mukuyenda kwake, Francis adakumana ndi kusamvana kuchokera kwa oimira atsogoleri achipembedzo. Anathamangitsidwa chifukwa cha malingaliro ampatuko, ndipo mabuku ake onse, osindikizidwa ndi ndalama zachikatolika, adawotchedwa.
Pambuyo pake, wasayansiyo sanachite nawo kusindikiza mabuku, akugwira ntchito ku Prague kukhothi la mfumu Ferdinand 1 monga woyang'anira dimba kapena dokotala.
Philosophy ndi chipembedzo
M'mawu ake pazantchito zachipembedzo, Skaryna adadzionetsa ngati wafilosofi wachikhalidwe cha anthu poyesera kuchita maphunziro.
Wosindikiza anafuna kuti anthu akhale ophunzira kwambiri ndi thandizo lake. Nthawi yonse ya mbiri yake, amalimbikitsa anthu kuti adziwe kulemba ndi kuwerenga.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti olemba mbiri sangathe kufika pamgwirizano wokhudzana ndi chipembedzo cha Francis. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ndizodziwika bwino kuti nthawi zambiri amatchedwa wampatuko komanso wopanduka waku Czech.
Olemba mbiri yina ya Skaryna amakhulupirira kuti mwina angakhale wotsatira wa Western European Christian Church. Komabe, palinso ambiri omwe amawona wasayansiyo kukhala wotsatira wa Orthodox.
Chipembedzo chachitatu komanso chowonekera kwambiri chotchedwa Francisk Skaryna ndi Chiprotestanti. Izi zikugwirizana ndi maubwenzi ndi okonzanso, kuphatikizapo Martin Luther, komanso ntchito ndi Duke of Königsberg Albrecht waku Brandenburg ku Ansbach.
Moyo waumwini
Pafupifupi palibe chomwe chasungidwa chokhudza moyo waumwini wa Francysk Skaryna. Zimadziwika kuti anali wokwatiwa ndi mkazi wamasiye wamalonda dzina lake Margarita.
Mu mbiri ya Skaryna, pali chochitika chosasangalatsa chokhudzana ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu, yemwe adasiya ngongole zazikulu kwa wosindikiza woyamba atamwalira.
Izi zidachitika mu 1529, pomwe Francis adataya mkazi wake ndikulera mwana wake wamwamuna wamng'ono Simeon yekha. Mwakulamula kwa wolamulira waku Lithuania, wamasiye wamwayi adamangidwa ndikuponyedwa kundende.
Komabe, chifukwa cha khama la mchimwene wake, Skaryna adatha kumasulidwa ndikulandila chikalata chotsimikizira kuti alibe chitetezo chazinthu komanso milandu.
Imfa
Tsiku lenileni la imfa ya mphunzitsiyo silikudziwika. Zimadziwika kuti Francis Skaryna adamwalira mu 1551, popeza ndi nthawi yomwe mwana wake adabwera ku Prague kuti adzalandire cholowa.
Misewu ndi njira zambirimbiri zidatchulidwa pokumbukira zopambana za wafilosofi, wasayansi, dokotala komanso wosindikiza ku Belarus, ndipo zipilala zambiri zamangidwa.
