M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, masewera asintha kuchokera munjira yopezera nthawi yopuma kwa osankhidwa ochepa kukhala msika waukulu. M'nthawi yochepa chabe, zochitika zamasewera zasintha kukhala ziwonetsero zazikulu, zokopa owonera makumi masauzande m'mabwalo amasewera ndi mabwalo amasewera ndi mamiliyoni mazana pawailesi yakanema.
Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti izi zidachitika pambuyo pazokambirana zopanda pake komanso zowuma za masewera ati omwe ali abwino: amateur kapena akatswiri. Ochita masewerawa adagawika ndikuphatikizidwa, ngati ng'ombe zopanda nyama - awa ndi akatswiri komanso owoneka bwino, omwe talente yawo imawalola kuti apange zolemba zapadziko lonse lapansi, kupumula pang'ono atasinthana ndi fakitole, kapena ngakhale akatswiri akuda okhala ndi doping omwe adalemba zolemba kuwopa kutaya chidutswa cha mkate.
Mawu omveka sanamveke nthawi zonse. Komabe, adakhalabe mawu akufuula mchipululu. Kubwerera mu 1964, m'modzi mwa mamembala a IOC ananena mu lipoti lovomerezeka kuti munthu amene amatha maola 1,600 pachaka akuphunzitsidwa mwakhama sangathe kuchita china chilichonse. Anamumvera ndikupanga chisankho: kulandira zida kuchokera kwa omwe amathandizira ndi njira yolipira yomwe imasinthira wothamanga kukhala katswiri.
Moyo komabe unawonetsa kusavomerezeka kwa malingaliro abwino. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, akatswiri adaloledwa kutenga nawo mbali pa Olimpiki, ndipo mzaka zingapo makumi angapo mzere pakati pa akatswiri ndi akatswiri adasamukira komwe iyenera kukhala. Akatswiri amapikisana wina ndi mnzake, ndipo ochita masewerawa adasewera masewera kuti asangalale kapena athandizidwe ndi thanzi lawo.
1. Akatswiri othamanga adawoneka ndendende pomwe mpikisano woyamba udawonekera, mwina wofanana ndi masewera, ndimipikisano yomwe imachitika pafupipafupi. Osewera pa Olimpiki ku Greece Yakale sanalemekezedwe kokha. Anapatsidwa kunyumba, mphatso zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimasungidwa pakati pa Masewera a Olimpiki, chifukwa ngwazi idalemekeza mzinda wonse. Mtsogoleri wobwerezabwereza wa Olimpiki Guy Appuleius Diocles adapeza ndalama zokwana madola 15 biliyoni pamtengo pamasewera azaka za m'ma 2000 AD. Ndipo ndani, ngati sanali akatswiri othamanga, anali omenyera nkhondo achiroma? Iwo, mosiyana ndi malingaliro ambiri, samwalira kawirikawiri - nanga ndi chiyani kuti mwiniwake awononge katundu wamtengo wapatali mu duel yakupha. Atasewera m'bwaloli, omenyera nkhondo adalandira chindapusa chawo ndikupita kukasangalala, akusangalala ndi kutchuka pakati pa omvera. Pambuyo pake, omenyera nkhonya ndi omenyera nkhondo adayenda m'misewu yakale ngati gawo la magulu azisilikari, akumenya nkhondo ndi aliyense. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ndi chiyambi cha mpikisano masewera, amene matikiti anali kugulitsa ndi Zachikondi (mwa njira, ntchito zosakwana kale kuposa masewera akatswiri) panali akatswiri amene amafuna kupanga ndalama ndi mphamvu zawo kapena luso. Koma mwalamulo, mzere pakati pa akatswiri ndi ochita masewerawa mwachidziwikire udayamba kujambulidwa mu 1823. Ophunzirawo, omwe adaganiza zopanga mpikisano wopalasa bwato, sanalole bwato "waluso" wotchedwa Stephen Davis kuwawona. M'malo mwake, ophunzira achichepere sanafune kupikisana kapena, ngakhale zochepa, kutaya kwa olimbikira ntchito.
2. Chinachake chonga ichi mzere pakati pa akatswiri ndi okonda masewera unakopedwa mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 - njonda zimatha kutenga nawo mbali pamipikisano ndi mphotho za mazana a mapaundi, ndipo mphunzitsi kapena mphunzitsi yemwe amalandira mapira a 50 - 100 pachaka sanaloledwe kupikisana. Njirayi idasinthidwa kwambiri ndi Baron Pierre de Coubertin, yemwe adatsitsimutsa gulu la Olimpiki. Chifukwa chodzipereka kwambiri komanso malingaliro, Coubertin adazindikira kuti masewera atha kukhala akulu. Chifukwa chake, adawona kuti ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa mfundo zodziwikiratu ngati wothamanga wothamanga. Izi zinatenga zaka zambiri. Zotsatira zake, tidapeza zofunikira zinayi, zomwe Yesu Khristu akadapambana mayeso. Malinga ndi izi, mwachitsanzo, wothamanga yemwe wataya imodzi mwa mphotho zake kamodzi ayenera kulembetsa akatswiri. Lingaliro limeneli lidabweretsa mavuto akulu mgulu la Olimpiki ndipo latsala pang'ono kuwononga.
3. Mbiri yonse ya otchedwa. masewera azamasewera mzaka zam'ma 2000 zakhala mbiri yakulolera komanso kunyengerera. International Olimpiki Committee (IOC), Komiti Zadziko Lonse za Olimpiki (NOCs) ndi International Sports Federations pang'onopang'ono amayenera kuvomereza kulipira mphotho kwa othamanga. Amatchedwa maphunziro, kulipidwa, mphotho, koma tanthauzo silinasinthe - othamanga amalandila ndalama ndendende pochita masewera.
4. Mosiyana ndi matanthauzidwe omwe adachitika pambuyo pake, NOC ya USSR inali yoyamba kuvomereza kulandira ndalama kwa othamanga mu 1964. Malangizowa adathandizidwa osati ndi makomiti a Olimpiki a mayiko azachikhalidwe, komanso ma NOC aku Finland, France ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Komabe, a IOC anali atasokonekera kale kotero kuti kukhazikitsa pempholi kudikira kwa zaka zopitilira 20.
5. Gulu loyamba la masewera padziko lonse lapansi linali kilabu ya Cincinnati Red Stockins. Baseball ku United States, ngakhale masewerawa amadziwika kuti ndi amasewera, adaseweredwa ndi akatswiri kuyambira 1862, omwe adalembedwa ntchito ndi othandizira m'malo opusitsa ndi malipiro okwezedwa ("bartender" amalandira $ 50 pa sabata m'malo mwa 4 - 5, ndi zina). Oyang'anira Stockins adaganiza zothetsa mchitidwewu. Osewera bwino kwambiri adasonkhanitsidwa kuthumba la $ 9,300 pa nyengo. Munthawiyo, "Stokins" adapambana machesi 56 ndi kujambula kamodzi osagonjetsedwa, ndipo kilabu chifukwa chogulitsa matikiti idatulukanso, ndikupeza $ 1.39 (iyi si typo).
6. Professional baseball ku United States yakhala ikukumana ndi mavuto ambiri pakukula kwake. Matimu ndi zibonga zidawonekera ndipo zidasokonekera, eni makalabu ndi osewera adasemphana kangapo, andale ndi mabungwe aboma adayesetsa kusokoneza zochitika zamaligi. Chokhacho chomwe sichinasinthe chinali kukula kwa malipiro. Ogwira ntchito oyamba "ovuta" adalandira ndalama zoposa madola chikwi pamwezi, zomwe zinali zochulukirapo kuposa malipiro a wantchito waluso. Kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, osewera mpira sanasangalale ndi ndalama za $ 2,500. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itangotha kumene, ndalama zochepa kwambiri za baseball zinali $ 5,000, pomwe nyenyezi zidalipira $ 100,000 iliyonse. Kuyambira 1965 mpaka 1970, malipiro apakati adakwera kuchoka pa $ 17 mpaka $ 25,000, ndipo osewera oposa 20 amalandila ndalama zoposa $ 100,000 pachaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito baseball yolipira kwambiri ndi Clayton Kershaw wa Los Angeles Dodger. Kwa zaka 7 za mgwirizano, akutsimikiziridwa kuti adzalandira $ 215 miliyoni - $ 35.5 miliyoni pachaka.
7. Purezidenti wachisanu wa IOC Avery Brandage anali wopambana pakuyeretsa kwamasewera okonda masewera. Atalephera kupita patsogolo pamasewera othamanga, Brandage, yemwe anakulira mwana wamasiye, adapeza chuma chambiri pakumanga ndi kusungitsa ndalama. Mu 1928, Brendage adakhala mtsogoleri wa US NOC, ndipo mu 1952 adakhala Purezidenti wa IOC. Wotsutsa-wachikominisi komanso wotsutsana ndi Semite, Brandage adanyalanyaza zoyesayesa zilizonse kuti athe kunyengerera othamanga opindulitsa. Pansi pa utsogoleri wake, zofunikira zopanda chifundo zidalandiridwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti athe kunena aliyense wothamanga ngati katswiri. Izi zitha kuchitika ngati munthuyo adasokoneza ntchito yake yayikulu kwa masiku opitilira 30, kugwira ntchito ngati mphunzitsi mosasamala kanthu zamasewera, atathandizidwa ngati zida kapena matikiti, kapena mphotho yoposa $ 40.
8. Anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti Brandage ndi munthu wongoganizira chabe, komabe kungakhale koyenera kumuyang'ana mbali imeneyi mosiyana. Brandage adakhala Purezidenti wa IOC mzaka zomwe USSR ndi maiko ena achisoshositi adalowerera pamasewera apadziko lonse lapansi. Mayiko a msasa wachisosholizimu, momwe othamanga adathandizidwa ndi boma, kuposa momwe adalowera pomenyera mendulo za Olimpiki. Ochita nawo mpikisano, makamaka aku America, amayenera kusamuka, ndipo chiyembekezo sichinasangalatse. Mwina Brandage idatsegula njira yodzetsa manyazi komanso kutulutsidwa kwakukulu kwa nthumwi za Soviet Union ndi mayiko ena achisosistiya ku gulu la Olimpiki. Kwa zaka zambiri pokhala Purezidenti wa US NOC, wogwira ntchitoyo sakanatha kudziwa za maphunziro ndi ma bonasi ena omwe othamanga aku America adalandira, koma pazifukwa zina, pazaka 24 zaulamuliro wake, sanathetse manyazi awa. Luso pamasewera lidayamba kumuda nkhawa atasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa IOC. Mwinanso, mphamvu zomwe zikukulirakulira padziko lonse la USSR sizinalole kuti izi zichitike.
9. Mmodzi mwa omwe anakhudzidwa ndi "kusaka akatswiri" anali wosewera waku America wodziwika bwino Jim Thorpe. Pa Olimpiki a 1912, Thorpe adapambana mendulo ziwiri zagolide, ndikupambana pentathlon ndi munda wa decathlon. Malinga ndi nthano, King George waku Sweden adamutcha wosewera wabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo Emperor waku Russia a Nicholas II adapatsa Thorp mphotho yapadera. Wothamanga adabwerera kwawo ngati ngwazi, koma kukhazikikako sanakonde Thorpe - anali Mmwenye, yemwe anali atafafanizidwa nthawi imeneyo. US IOC idatembenukira ku NOC ndikudzudzula wothamanga wake - Asanapambane Olimpiki, Thorpe anali katswiri wampira. IOC idachitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo, ndikuchotsa Thorpe mendulozo. M'malo mwake, Thorpe adasewera mpira (waku America) ndipo adalipira. Mpikisano waluso waku America udayamba. Maguluwa adalipo ngati makampani osewera omwe "amatenga" osewera pakati pa anzawo kapena anzawo pamasewerawo. "Akatswiri" otere amatha kusewera matimu awiri osiyana m'masiku awiri. Thorpe anali munthu wachangu komanso wamphamvu, adayitanidwa kuti azisangalala. Ngati amayenera kusewera mumzinda wina, amalipidwa matikiti a basi komanso nkhomaliro. Mmodzi mwamatimuwa, adasewera miyezi iwiri patchuthi chake cha ophunzira, kulandira $ 120 yonse. Atapatsidwa mgwirizano wathunthu, Thorpe adakana - adalota zosewerera pa Olimpiki. Thorpe anali womangidwa kokha mu 1983.
10. Ngakhale kuti masewera monga baseball, hockey, mpira waku America ndi basketball sizofanana kwenikweni, ku United States mipikisano yamasewerawa imagwira ntchito mofananira. Kwa azungu, zitha kuwoneka ngati zakutchire. Makalabu - zopangidwa - sizikhala za eni ake, koma ndi ligi yomwe. Imaperekanso kwa atsogoleri ndi mabungwe oyang'anira ufulu woyendetsa makalabu. Omwe amabwezerawo ayenera kutsatira malangizo ambiri, omwe amafotokoza pafupifupi mbali zonse za kasamalidwe, kuyambira bungwe mpaka zachuma. Ngakhale zikuwoneka zovuta, dongosololi limadziwonetsera lokha - ndalama zomwe osewera ndi makalabu amapeza zikukula mosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, mu nyengo ya 1999/2000, wosewera yemwe adalipira kwambiri basketball nthawi imeneyo, Shaquille O'Neal, adapeza pang'ono $ 17 miliyoni. Mu nyengo ya 2018/2109, wosewera wa Golden State a Stephen Curry adalandira $ 37.5 miliyoni ndi chiyembekezo chowonjezera chigamba mpaka 45 miliyoni. O'Neill mu nyengo yomaliza akanatha kutenga malo pakati pa yachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi mulingo wa malipiro. Ndalama zamakalabu zikukula pamlingo wofanana. Makalabu ena atha kukhala osapindulitsa, koma League yonse nthawi zonse imapindulitsa.
11. Wosewera woyamba wa tenisi anali French Susan Lenglen. Mu 1920, adapambana mpikisano wa tenisi wa Olimpiki ku Amsterdam. Mu 1926, Lenglen adasaina mgwirizano womwe udalandira $ 75,000 pamasewera owonetsera ku United States. Ulendowu, kuphatikiza pa iye, udachitika ndi katswiri waku US a Mary Brown, wopambana kawiri Olimpiki Vince Richards ndi osewera ena ochepa. Mawonedwe ku New York ndi mizinda ina adachita bwino, ndipo kale mu 1927 Mpikisano woyamba wa US Professional udachitika. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, masewera apadziko lonse adayamba, ndipo Jack Kramer adasinthiratu akatswiri tennis. Anali iye, wosewera wakale wa tenisi m'mbuyomu, yemwe adayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kutsimikiza kwa wopambana (zisanachitike, akatswiri amangosewerera machesi angapo omwe sankagwirizana). Kutuluka kwa akatswiri ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kunayamba. Pambuyo polimbana kwakanthawi mu 1967, kuyambika kwa zomwe zimadziwika kuti "Open Era" kudalengezedwa - kuletsa ochita masewerawa kuthetsedwa ndipo mosemphanitsa. M'malo mwake, osewera onse omwe akuchita nawo masewerawa akhala akatswiri.
12. Zimadziwika kuti ntchito ya akatswiri othamanga nthawi yayitali, pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Koma ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti ndizolondola kuyitanitsa ntchito yaukatswiri mwachidule. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zamaligi aku America, wosewera mpira wapawiri wakhala akusewera pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri osakwanitsa zaka 5, osewera hockey ndi baseball kwazaka pafupifupi 5.5, komanso osewera mpira kwazaka zopitilira 3. Munthawi imeneyi, wosewera basketball amatha kupeza pafupifupi $ 30 miliyoni, wosewera baseball - 26, wosewera hockey - 17, komanso wosewera mpira "okha" $ 5.1 miliyoni. Koma nyenyezi zoyambirira za NHL zidasiya hockey, kupeza ntchito ngati kalaliki waung'ono, ntchito yopha nyama, kapena mwayi wotsegulira sitolo yaying'ono yoimba. Ngakhale wopambana Phil Esposito adagwirako ntchito kwakanthawi pachitsulo chachitsulo pakati pa nyengo za NHL mpaka 1972.
13. Professional tenisi ndimasewera a anthu olemera kwambiri. Ngakhale adalandira madola mamiliyoni ambiri, akatswiri ambiri akutaya ndalama. Ofufuza apeza kuti kuti athe kuwongolera mtengo wapaulendo, chakudya, malo ogona, malipilo amakochi, ndi zina zambiri. Ndi ndalama zofika zero, wosewera tenesi ayenera kulandira $ 350,000 pa nyengo. Izi zikuganizira za thanzi lachitsulo, pomwe masewera sanadumphe ndipo kulibe ndalama zamankhwala. Pali osewera ochepera 150 padziko lapansi azimuna komanso oposa 100 azimayi. Zachidziwikire, pali mapangano othandizira ndi zolipira kuchokera kumabungwe a tenisi. Koma othandizira akutembenukira kwa osewera kuchokera pamwamba, ndipo mabungwe amalipira maphunziro ochepa, osati m'maiko onse. Koma katswiri woyamba asanapite kukhothi koyamba, ndalama masauzande ambiri ziyenera kuperekedwa mwa iye.
14. Emmanuel Yarborough mwina ndiye chithunzi chabwino kwambiri chotsutsana pakati pa akatswiri ndi masewera a masewera. Mnyamata wabwino wolemera makilogalamu 400 adachita bwino mu sumo kwa akatswiri. Professional sumo sanamuyankhe - akatswiri amafuta anali ovuta kwambiri. Yarborough adayamba kumenya nkhondo popanda malamulo, omwe adayamba kupeza mafashoni, koma sanapambane pamenepo - 1 kupambana ndikupambana katatu. Yarborough anamwalira ali ndi zaka 51 patadwala matenda amtima angapo.
15. Chuma cha akatswiri othamanga ndi omwe amakonzekera mpikisano chimadalira chidwi cha omvera. M'masiku oyambira masewera akatswiri, kugulitsa matikiti ndiye omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka makumi awiri, wailesi yakanema idakhala yotsogola, ndikupereka gawo lamphamvu lamasewera mumasewera ambiri. Aliyense amene walipira amayimba nyimbo. M'maseŵera ena, pofuna kulengeza pawailesi yakanema, malamulo amasewera adasinthidwa kwambiri. Kupatula kusintha kwazodzikongoletsa komwe kumachitika pafupifupi chaka chilichonse mu basketball ndi hockey, masewera osintha kwambiri ndi tenisi, volleyball ndi tennis tebulo. Mu tenisi koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, lamuloli lidanyalanyazidwa kotero kuti wosewera tenesi apambana masewera osachepera awiri. Tinataya kulowera kwakanthawi poyambitsa tie-break - masewera achidule, omwe adapambananso adapambana. Panalinso vuto lofananira ndi volleyball, koma zidakulitsidwanso chifukwa kuti kuti apambane mfundo, timuyo imayenera kusewera. Mfundo yoti "mpira uliwonse ndi point" yapangitsa volleyball kukhala imodzi mwamasewera olimba kwambiri. Pobisa kukoka kuthekera kokamenya mpira ndi gawo lililonse la thupi, kuphatikiza miyendo.Pomaliza, tebulo tenisi idakulitsa kukula kwa mpira, idachepetsa kuchuluka kwamasewera omwe wosewera m'modzi motsatizana kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 2 ndikuyamba kusewera mpaka ma point 11 m'malo mwa 21. Kukonzanso kwakhudza kwambiri kutchuka kwa masewerawa onse.
