Pafnuti L. Chebyshev (1821-1894) - Katswiri wa masamu komanso makina ku Russia, yemwe anayambitsa sukulu ya masamu ku St. Petersburg, wophunzira ku St. Petersburg Academy of Science ndi masukulu ena 24 apadziko lonse lapansi. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri amasamu azaka za 19th.
Chebyshev adakwanitsa kuchita bwino kwambiri pamalingaliro azambiri komanso lingaliro lazotheka. Anakhazikitsa lingaliro la polynomials orthogonal ndi lingaliro la kufanana kwa yunifolomu. Woyambitsa lingaliro la masamu la kaphatikizidwe kazinthu.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Chebyshev, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Pafnutiy Chebyshev.
Wambiri Chebyshev
Pafnutiy Chebyshev adabadwa pa Meyi 4 (16), 1821 m'mudzi wa Akatovo (m'chigawo cha Kaluga). Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la mwini malo olemera Lev Pavlovich ndi mkazi wake Agrafena Ivanovna.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pafnutiy adalandira maphunziro ake oyambira kunyumba. Amayi ake adamuphunzitsa kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ndipo msuweni wa Avdotya adamuphunzitsa Chifalansa ndi masamu.
Ali mwana, Chebyshev anaphunzira nyimbo, ndipo adawonanso chidwi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Mnyamatayo nthawi zambiri ankapanga zidole zosiyanasiyana ndi zida.
Pafnutiy ali ndi zaka 11, iye ndi banja lake adasamukira ku Moscow, komwe adapitiliza maphunziro ake. Makolo adalembetsa aphunzitsi mu fizikiya, masamu ndi Chilatini kwa mwana wawo wamwamuna.
Mu 1837 Chebyshev adalowa mu Dipatimenti ya Fiziki ndi Masamu ku University of Moscow, ataphunzira kumeneko mpaka 1841. Patadutsa zaka zisanu, adateteza malingaliro a mbuye wake pamutu woti "Zomwe zimachitika pakuwunika koyambirira kwa lingaliro la kuthekera."
Patatha miyezi ingapo a Pafnutiy Chebyshev adavomerezedwa kukhala pulofesa wothandizira ku University of St. Anaphunzitsa algebra yapamwamba, geometry, makina othandiza komanso zina.
Zochita zasayansi
Pamene Chebyshev anali ndi zaka 29, anakhala pulofesa ku yunivesite ya St. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake adatumizidwa ku Great Britain, France, kenako ku Belgium.
Munthawi imeneyi, mbiri ya Paphnutiy idalandira zambiri zothandiza. Anaphunzira ukadaulo wakunja, ndikudziwanso kapangidwe ka mabizinesi amakampani opanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Komanso, Chebyshev anakumana ndi masamu otchuka, kuphatikizapo Augustin Cauchy, Jean Bernard Leon Foucault ndi James Sylvester.
Atafika ku Russia, Paphnutiy adapitilizabe kuchita nawo zinthu zasayansi, ndikupanga malingaliro ake. Pa ntchito yake pamalingaliro azipembedzo zogwirizana komanso lingaliro la kuyerekezera kwa ntchito, adasankhidwa kukhala wophunzira wamba.
Chidwi chachikulu cha Chebyshev chinali pamalingaliro azambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito masamu, lingaliro la kuthekera, geometry, lingaliro la kuyerekezera kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi kusanthula masamu.
Mu 1851, wasayansi adasindikiza buku lake lotchuka "Pa kudziwika kwa kuchuluka kwa manambala osapitilira mtengo womwe wapatsidwa." Iye anali wodzipereka ku chiphunzitso cha nambala. Anakwanitsa kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kwabwinoko - logarithm yofunikira.
Ntchito ya Chebyshev idamupangitsa kutchuka ku Europe. Chaka chotsatira, adafalitsa nkhani "On primes", momwe adasanthula kulumikizana kwamakanema kutengera manambala oyambira, ndikuwerengera muyeso wa kulumikizana kwawo.
Pafnutiy Chebyshev anali katswiri woyamba masamu waku Russia waziphunzitso mwina. M'buku lake "On Average Values" anali woyamba kutsimikizira malingaliro omwe akudziwika masiku ano pamalingaliro osinthasintha mwachisawawa, ngati imodzi mwazinthu zoyambira za chiphunzitso cha kuthekera.
Pafnutiy Chebyshev adachita bwino kwambiri pophunzira lingaliro la kuyandikira kwa ntchito. Adakhala zaka pafupifupi 40 za moyo wake pamutuwu. Katswiri wa masamu adafunsa ndikuthetsa vuto lopeza ma polynomials omwe samachoka paziro.
Mawerengero a Chebyshev pambuyo pake adzagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma algebra owerengeka.
Nthawi yomweyo, mwamunayo adaphunzira kusanthula masamu ndi geometry. Iye ndiye mlembi wa theorem pazikhalidwe zophatikizika zapadera.
Pambuyo pake Pafnutiy Chebyshev adasindikiza nkhani yokhudza masiyanidwe a geometry, pamutu woyambirira "Pa kudula zovala." Mmenemo, adayambitsa gulu latsopano la ma gridi ogwirizana - "maukonde a Chebyshev".
Kwa zaka zambiri Chebyshev ankagwira ntchito mu dipatimenti ya zida zankhondo, kukwaniritsa kuwombera kwakutali komanso kolondola kuchokera mfuti. Mpaka lero, njira ya Chebyshev idasungidwa kuti izindikire mtundu wa projectile kutengera momwe amaponyera, kuyambira kuthamanga ndi kukana kwa mpweya.
Pafnutius adayang'anitsitsa chiphunzitso cha njira, zomwe adalemba pafupifupi nkhani 15. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti pokambirana ndi Chebyshev, asayansi aku Britain a James Sylvester ndi Arthur Cayley adachita chidwi ndi nkhani za kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake.
M'zaka za m'ma 1850, katswiri wa masamu anayamba kuphunzira mozama njira zolumikizira hinge. Pambuyo powerengera zambiri ndikuyesa, adapanga lingaliro la ntchito zomwe zimasochera pang'ono kuchokera ku zero.
Chebyshev adalongosola zomwe adazipeza mwatsatanetsatane m'buku "Chiphunzitso cha njira zotchedwa parallelograms", ndikukhala woyambitsa chiphunzitso cha masamu cha kaphatikizidwe kazinthu.
Makina opanga
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake yasayansi, Pafnutiy Chebyshev adapanga njira zopitilira 40 komanso 80 yakusintha kwawo. Ambiri aiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano popanga magalimoto ndi zida.
Wasayansi wapanga njira zowongolera pafupifupi 2 - zopangidwa ngati lambda ndi mtanda.
Mu 1876, injini yotentha ya Chebyshev idawonetsedwa pa Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse ku Philadelphia, chomwe chinali ndi zabwino zambiri. Adapangitsanso "makina osanja" omwe amatsanzira kuyenda kwa nyama.
Mu 1893 Pafnutiy Chebyshev adasonkhanitsa chikuku choyambirira, chomwe chinali mpando wama scooter. Kuphatikiza apo, umakaniko ndiye wopanga makina owonjezera, omwe lero angawoneke ku Paris Museum of Arts and Crafts.
Izi sizinthu zonse za Pafnutius, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zokolola zawo komanso njira zatsopano zamabizinesi.
Ntchito yophunzitsa
Kukhala membala wa komiti ya Unduna wa Zamaphunziro, Chebyshev adasintha mabuku ndikupanga mapulogalamu a ana asukulu. Adayesetsa kukhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa maphunziro.
Anthu a m'nthawi ya Pafnutius adanena kuti anali mphunzitsi wabwino komanso wokonzekera bwino. Anakwanitsa kupanga maziko a gulu la akatswiri a masamu, omwe pambuyo pake adadzatchedwa Sukulu ya Masamu ya St.
Chebyshev anakhala moyo wake wonse, kuthera nthawi yake yonse kwa sayansi.
Imfa
Pafnuti Lvovich Chebyshev adamwalira pa Novembala 26 (Disembala 8) 1894 ali ndi zaka 73. Anamwalira pomwepo.
Zithunzi za Chebyshev
