Socrates - wafilosofi wakale wachi Greek yemwe adasintha nzeru. Ndi njira yake yapadera yosanthula malingaliro (maieutics, dialectics), adakopa chidwi cha akatswiri anzeru osati kumvetsetsa kwamunthu, komanso kukulitsa chidziwitso cha nthanthi monga njira yotsogola.
Mbiri ya Socrates ili ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Tinafotokoza zochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'nkhani ina.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale mbiri yayifupi ya Socrates.
Socrates mbiri
Tsiku lenileni lobadwa kwa Socrates silikudziwika. Amakhulupirira kuti adabadwa mu 469 BC. ku Atene. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la wosema ziboliboli dzina lake Sofronisk.
Amayi a Socrates, a Phanareta, anali mzamba. Wafilosofi anali ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu, Patroclus, yemwe mutu wa banja unapatsa gawo lalikulu la cholowa chake.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Socrates adabadwa pa 6 Fargelion, patsiku "losayera", lomwe lidachita gawo lofunikira mu mbiri yake. Malinga ndi malamulo apanthawiyo, adakhala wansembe wa moyo wonse wa boma la Atene osasamalidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, munthawi yachikale, Socrates amatha kuperekedwa nsembe ngati atagwirizana pamsonkhano wotchuka. Agiriki akale amakhulupirira kuti motere nsembeyo imathandizira kuthana ndi mavuto manthu.
Kukula, Socrates adalandira chidziwitso kuchokera kwa Damon, Conon, Zeno, Anaxagoras ndi Archelaus. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nthawi ya moyo wake woganiza sanalembe buku limodzi.
M'malo mwake, mbiri ya Socrates ndikukumbukira kwa ophunzira ake ndi omutsatira, pakati pawo panali Aristotle wodziwika.
Kuphatikiza pa kukonda kwake sayansi ndi nzeru za anthu, Socrates adagwira nawo mwakhama kuteteza dziko lakwawo. Anatenga nawo mbali pankhondo katatu, akuwonetsa kulimba mtima munkhondo. Pali nkhani yodziwika pamene adapulumutsa moyo wa wamkulu wawo Alcibiades.
Nzeru za Socrates
Socrates adafotokoza malingaliro ake onse pakamwa, posankha kuti asawalembe. M'malingaliro ake, zojambulazo zidawononga kukumbukira ndikuthandizira kutaya tanthauzo la ichi kapena chowonadi.
Filosofi yake idakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro amakhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana aukoma, kuphatikiza chidziwitso, kulimba mtima komanso kuwona mtima.
Socrates ankati kudziwa ndi khalidwe labwino. Ngati munthu sangathe kuzindikira tanthauzo la malingaliro ena, ndiye kuti sangakhale wolimba mtima, kuwonetsa kulimba mtima, kuwona mtima, chikondi, ndi zina zambiri.
Ophunzira a Socrates, Plato ndi Xenophon, adalongosola malingaliro a woganiza pamalingaliro azoyipa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Woyamba ananena kuti Socrates anali ndi malingaliro oyipa pa zoyipa ngakhale zitanenedwa kwa adani. Wachiwiri adati Socrates amalola zoyipa ngati zichitika ndi cholinga choteteza.
Kutanthauzira kosagwirizana kotereku kumafotokozedwa ndi kaphunzitsidwe kamene kanali ka Socrates. Monga lamulo, amalankhula ndi ophunzira kudzera pazokambirana, chifukwa ndi njira yolankhulirana iyi yomwe chowonadi chidabadwa.
Pachifukwa ichi, msirikali Socrates adalankhula ndi wamkulu Xenophon za nkhondoyi ndipo adakambirana zoyipa pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zothana ndi mdani. Plato, komabe, anali wamtendere ku Athene, chifukwa chake wafilosofiyu adapanga zokambirana zosiyana ndi iye, pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zina.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kuphatikiza pazokambirana, malingaliro a Socrates anali ndi zosiyana zingapo, kuphatikizapo:
- dialectical, colloquial mawonekedwe ofunafuna choonadi;
- Kutanthauzira kwamalingaliro m'njira yolowerera, kuchokera makamaka kwa onse;
- fufuzani chowonadi mothandizidwa ndi maieutics - luso lotenga chidziwitso chobisika mwa munthu aliyense kudzera pamafunso otsogolera.
Socrates atayamba kupeza chowonadi, adafunsa wotsutsana naye mafunso angapo, pambuyo pake wolankhuliranayo adasowa ndipo adazindikira mosayembekezeka. Komanso, woganiza ankakonda kupanga zokambirana kuchokera kutsutsana, chifukwa chake mdani wake adayamba kutsutsana ndi "zowona" zake.
Socrates amaonedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu anzeru kwambiri, pomwe iye sankaganiza choncho. Mawu achi Greek otchuka adakalipo mpaka lero:
"Ndikungodziwa kuti sindikudziwa kalikonse, koma enanso sakudziwa zimenezo."
Socrates sanafune kusonyeza kuti munthu ndi wopusa kapena kuti amuike pamalo ovuta. Amangofuna kupeza chowonadi ndi womulankhulira. Chifukwa chake, iye ndi omvera ake amatha kutanthauzira mfundo zakuya monga chilungamo, kuwona mtima, kuchenjera, zoyipa, zabwino ndi zina zambiri.
Aristotle, yemwe anali wophunzira wa Plato, adaganiza zolongosola njira ya Socrate. Anatinso zodabwitsazi ndi izi:
"Ukoma wamunthu ndimkhalidwe wamaganizidwe."
Socrates anali ndiudindo waukulu ndi amzake, chifukwa chake amabwera kwa iye nthawi zambiri kuti adziwe zambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, sanaphunzitse otsatira ake kuyankhula mwaluso kapena luso lililonse.
Wafilosofi analimbikitsa ophunzira ake kuti azisonyeza ukoma kwa anthu, makamaka kwa okondedwa awo.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti Socrates sanalandire ziphunzitso zake, zomwe zidakhumudwitsa anthu ambiri aku Atene. Izi zinali choncho chifukwa chakuti pa nthawiyo ana anali kuphunzitsidwa ndi makolo awo. Komabe, achinyamata atamva za nzeru za anzawo, adathamangira kukadziwitsa.
Mbadwo wachikulire udakwiya, chifukwa chake kuneneza koopsa kwa Socrates "wachinyamata wowononga" kunayamba.
Anthu okhwima ankanena kuti woganiza amatembenuzira achinyamata kutsutsana ndi makolo awo, komanso amawapatsa malingaliro owavulaza.
Mfundo ina yomwe inachititsa kuti Socrates aphedwe inali mlandu wonyoza kupembedza milungu ina. Ananenanso kuti sikulakwa kuweruza munthu ndi zochita zake, popeza zoyipa zimachitika chifukwa chosazindikira.
Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, pali malo abwino mu moyo wa munthu aliyense, ndipo woyang'anira ziwanda amakhala nawo mu mzimu uliwonse.
Liwu la chiwanda ichi, chomwe lero ambiri angafotokoze ngati "mngelo woyang'anira", nthawi ndi nthawi amanong'oneza Socrates momwe ayenera kukhalira m'malo ovuta.
Chiwandacho "chinathandiza" Socrates m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, kotero sakanatha kumvera iye. Anthu a ku Atene anatenga chiwanda chotetezerachi kukhala mulungu watsopano, yemwe wafilosofi uja ankati amamulambira.
Moyo waumwini
Mpaka zaka 37, palibe zochitika zapamwamba zomwe zidachitika mu mbiri ya Socrates. Pamene Alcibiades adayamba kulamulira, yemwe woganiza uja adamupulumutsa pankhondo yolimbana ndi a Spartan, nzika za Atene zidali ndi chifukwa china chomuneneza.
Asanafike mtsogoleri wa Alcibiades, demokalase idakula ku Athens, pambuyo pake utsogoleri wankhanza unakhazikitsidwa. Mwachilengedwe, Agiriki ambiri sanasangalale ndi mfundo yoti Socrates nthawi ina adapulumutsa moyo wa wamkulu.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti wafilosofi mwiniwake wakhala akuyesetsa kuteteza anthu osalakwa. Mwa kuthekera kwake, adatsutsanso oyimira maboma omwe alipo.
Ali okalamba, Socrates anakwatira Xanthippe, yemwe anali ndi ana angapo. Ndizovomerezeka kuti mkaziyo anali wopanda chidwi ndi nzeru za mwamuna wake, amasiyana mwamakhalidwe oyipa.
Kumbali imodzi, Xanthippus amatha kumvetsetsa kuti onse a Socrates sanatenge nawo gawo m'moyo wabanja, sanagwire ntchito ndikuyesera kukhala moyo wosasangalala.
Amayenda m'misewu atavala nsanza ndipo amakambirana zowona zosiyanasiyana ndi omwe amamuyankhula. Mkaziyo mobwerezabwereza ankanyoza mwamuna wake pagulu ndipo mpaka anagwiritsa ntchito zibakera.
Socrates adalangizidwa kuti athamangitse mayi woumirayo yemwe adamunyoza m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, koma adangomwetulira nati: "Ndidafuna kuphunzira luso logwirizana ndi anthu ndipo ndidakwatirana ndi Xanthippe ndikudalira kuti ngati ndingathe kupirira naye, nditha kupirira munthu aliyense."
Imfa ya Socrates
Tikudziwanso za imfa ya wafilosofi wamkulu chifukwa cha ntchito za Plato ndi Xenophon. Anthu aku Atene adadzudzula kwawo kuti samazindikira milunguyo ndikuwononga achinyamata.
Socrates anakana kudzitchinjiriza, akunena kuti adzadzichinjiriza. Iye anakana milandu yonse yomuneneza. Kuphatikiza apo, adakana kupereka chindapusa ngati chilango china, ngakhale malinga ndi lamulo anali ndi ufulu wochita izi.
Socrates analetsanso abwenzi ake kuti amupatse ndalama. Iye adalongosola izi ndikuti kulipira chindapusa kumatanthauza kuvomereza kulakwa.
Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, abwenzi adapempha Socrates kuti athawireko, koma iye adakana. Anatinso imfa imupeza paliponse, chifukwa chake palibe chifukwa chothawa.
Pansipa mutha kuwona chojambula chotchuka "Imfa ya Socrates":
Woganiza amakonda kuphedwa pomwa poizoni. Socrates anamwalira mu 399 ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 70. Umu ndi m'mene m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu anafera.
Zithunzi za Socrates
