Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi - Wandale waku India komanso mtsogoleri wazandale "Indian National Congress". Mwana wamkazi wa Prime Minister woyamba waboma, Jawaharlal Nehru. Adakhala Prime Minister wamkazi yekhayo m'mbiri yaku India kuti akhale paudindowu kuyambira 1966-1977, kenako kuyambira 1980 mpaka tsiku lomwe adaphedwa mu 1984.
Munkhaniyi, tiwona zochitika zazikulu kuchokera ku mbiri ya Indira Gandhi, komanso mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri pamoyo wake.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Indira Gandhi.
Mbiri ya Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi adabadwa pa Novembala 19, 1917 mumzinda waku Allahabad ku India. Mtsikanayo anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la andale otchuka. Abambo ake, a Jawaharlal Nehru, anali Prime Minister woyamba ku India, ndipo agogo ake aamuna adatsogolera gulu lankhondo laku India National Congress.
Amayi ndi agogo a Indira analinso andale odziwika omwe nthawi ina anazunzidwa kwambiri. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kuyambira ali mwana ankadziwa dongosolo la boma.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Indira ali ndi zaka ziwiri zokha, adakumana ndi a Mahatma Gandhi, yemwe anali ngwazi yaku India.
Mtsikanayo akadzakula, azitha kukhala limodzi ndi a Mahatma kangapo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ndiamene adalangiza Indira Gandhi wazaka 8 kuti apange bungwe lake logwirira ntchito yoluka nyumba.
Popeza kuti Prime Minister wamtsogolo anali mwana yekhayo mwa makolo ake, adasamalidwa kwambiri. Amakonda kupezeka pakati pa akuluakulu, akumamvetsera zokambirana zawo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zofunika.
Abambo a Indira Gandhi atamangidwa ndikuponyedwa kundende, nthawi zonse amalemba makalata kwa mwana wawo wamkazi.
Mwa iwo, adagawana nkhawa zake, mfundo zamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro ake zamtsogolo ku India.
Maphunziro
Ali mwana, Gandhi amaphunzitsidwa makamaka kunyumba. Anakhoza kupambana mayeso ku yunivesite ya anthu, koma pambuyo pake adakakamizidwa kusiya sukulu chifukwa cha kudwala kwa amayi ake. Indira adapita ku Europe komwe amayi ake adathandizidwa muzipatala zosiyanasiyana zamakono.
Posaphonya mwayiwo, mtsikanayo adaganiza zolembetsa ku Somervel College, Oxford. Kumeneko anaphunzira mbiriyakale, sayansi yandale, anthropology ndi sayansi ina.
Pamene Gandhi anali ndi zaka 18, tsoka linachitika mu mbiri yake. Madokotala sanakwanitse kupulumutsa moyo wa amayi ake, omwe anamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Atamwalira, Indira adaganiza zobwerera kudziko lakwawo.
Panthawiyo, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse (1939-1945) idayamba, kotero Gandhi adayenera kupita kwawo kudutsa ku South Africa. Ambiri mwa nzika zake amakhala mdera lino. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ku South Africa mtsikanayo adakwanitsa kuyankhula zandale koyamba.
Ntchito zandale
Mu 1947, India idalandira ufulu kuchokera ku Great Britain, pambuyo pake boma ladziko lonse lidakhazikitsidwa. Anatsogozedwa ndi abambo a Indira, a Jawaharlal Nehru, omwe adakhala Prime Minister woyamba m'mbiri ya dzikolo.
Gandhi anali mlembi wachinsinsi wa abambo ake. Amapita kulikonse ndi iye pamaulendo amabizinesi, nthawi zambiri kumamupatsa upangiri wofunikira. Pamodzi ndi iye, Indira adapita ku Soviet Union, yomwe panthawiyo inali kutsogozedwa ndi Nikita Khrushchev.
Nehru atamwalira mu 1964, Gandhi adasankhidwa kukhala membala wa nyumba yamalamulo yaku India ndipo pambuyo pake adakhala Minister of Information and Broadcasting. Adayimilira Indian National Congress (INC), gulu landale lalikulu kwambiri ku India.
Indira posakhalitsa adasankhidwa kukhala Prime Minister wadzikolo, kumupanga mkazi wachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi kukhala Prime Minister.
Indira Gandhi ndiye adayambitsa kukhazikitsa mabanki aku India, komanso adafuna kukhazikitsa ubale ndi USSR. Komabe, andale ambiri sanavomereze maganizo ake, chifukwa cha kugawanika kunachitika mu phwando. Komabe, ambiri amwenye amathandizira Prime Minister wawo.
Mu 1971, Gandhi adapambananso zisankho zanyumba yamalamulo. Chaka chomwecho, boma la Soviet lidagwirizana ndi India pankhondo yaku Indo-Pakistani.
Makhalidwe aboma
Munthawi ya ulamuliro wa Indira Gandhi, ntchito zamakampani ndi zaulimi zidayamba kuonekera mdzikolo.
Chifukwa cha izi, India idatha kuchotsa kudalira kwawo potumiza zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, boma silinathe kukhazikika chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi Pakistan.
Mu 1975, Khothi Lalikulu lidalamula kuti Gandhi atule pansi udindo chifukwa chophwanya zisankho pazisankho zapitazi. Pankhaniyi, wandale, potengera Article 352 ya Indian Constitution, adabweretsa zadzidzidzi mdzikolo.
Izi zidabweretsa zabwino komanso zoyipa zonse. Kumbali imodzi, panthawi yazadzidzidzi, kuyambiranso kwachuma kudayamba.
Kuphatikiza apo, mikangano pakati pazipembedzo idathetsedwa bwino. Komabe, mbali inayi, ufulu wandale komanso ufulu wa anthu zinali zochepa, ndipo nyumba zotsatsa zotsutsa zonse zidaletsedwa.
Mwina kusintha koyipa kwambiri kwa Indira Gandhi kunali njira yolera yotseketsa. Boma lidalamula kuti bambo aliyense yemwe anali ndi ana atatu akuyenera kulandira njira yolera, ndipo mayi yemwe adakhala ndi pakati kwanthawi yachinayi adakakamizidwa kuchotsa mimba.
Kubadwa kwapamwamba kwambiri ndichimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa umphawi m'boma, koma izi zidanyoza ulemu ndi ulemu waku Amwenye. Anthu amatcha Gandhi "Indian Iron Lady".
Indira nthawi zambiri ankapanga zisankho zovuta, mwankhanza. Chifukwa cha zonsezi, mu 1977 adakumana ndi vuto lalikulu pazisankho zanyumba yamalamulo.
Bwererani kumalo andale
Popita nthawi, kusintha kwabwino kunayamba kuchitika mu mbiri ya Indira Gandhi. Nzika zinamkhulupiriranso, pambuyo pake mu 1980 mkaziyo adakwanitsanso kukhala Prime Minister.
Pazaka izi, Gandhi anali kutenga nawo mbali polimbikitsa boma mdziko lonse lapansi. Posakhalitsa India adatsogolera gulu la Non-Aligned Movement, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe masiku ano limagwirizanitsa mayiko 120 pamfundo yoti asatenge nawo gawo m'magulu ankhondo.
Moyo waumwini
Ndi mwamuna wake wamtsogolo, Feroz Gandhi, Indira anakumana ku UK. Achinyamata adaganiza zokwatirana mu 1942. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mgwirizano wawo sunagwirizane ndi miyambo yachipembedzo komanso miyambo yachipembedzo yaku India.
Feroz anali mbadwa ya Amwenye aku Iran omwe amati ndi Zoroastrianism. Komabe, izi sizinaimitse Indira posankha Feroz Gandhi ngati mnzake. Adatenga dzina la mamuna wawo ngakhale sanali m'bale wa Mahatma Gandhi.
M'banja la Gandhi, anyamata awiri adabadwa - Rajiv ndi Sanjay. Feroz anamwalira mu 1960 ali ndi zaka 47. Zaka 20 atamwalira mwamuna wake, atatsala pang'ono kupha Indira yemweyo, mwana wake wamwamuna womaliza Sanjay adamwalira pangozi yagalimoto. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ndiye amene anali m'modzi mwa alangizi ofunikira kwa amayi ake.
Kupha
M'zaka za m'ma 80 za m'zaka zapitazi, akuluakulu aku India adayamba kutsutsana ndi a Sikh, omwe amafuna kuti adzilandire okhaokha kuchokera kuboma. Iwo amakhala mu "Golden Temple" ku Amritsar, komwe kwakhala kachisi wawo wamkulu kwanthawi yayitali. Zotsatira zake, boma lidalanda kachisiyo mokakamiza, ndikupha mazana mazana okhulupilira pantchitoyi.
Pa Okutobala 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi adaphedwa ndi omulondera ake achi Sikh. Pa nthawiyo anali ndi zaka 66. Kuphedwa kwa Prime Minister kunali kubwezera poyera kwa a Sikh motsutsana ndi mphamvu yayikulu.
Ku Gandhi, zipolopolo zisanu ndi zitatu zidawomberedwa pomwe amapita ku chipinda cholandirira alendo kuti akafunse mafunso ndi wolemba waku Britain komanso wochita kanema Peter Ustinov. Potha motero nthawi ya "Indian Iron Lady".
Mamiliyoni azinzake adabwera kudzatsanzikana ndi Indira. Ku India, adalengeza kulira, komwe kudatenga masiku 12. Malinga ndi miyambo yakomweko, thupi la andale lidatenthedwa.
Mu 1999, Gandhi adatchedwa "Woman of the Millennium" ndi kafukufuku wa BBC. Mu 2011, zolembedwa zonena za m'modzi mwa akazi akulu kwambiri ku India zidayamba ku Britain.
