Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ntchito yophunzitsa ndi imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri. Kumbali imodzi, padziko lonse lapansi imakhala mwamalo amodzi mwa malo odziwika kwambiri. Kumbali inayi, zikafika poti omwe afunsidwa akufuna kuti mwana wawo akhale mphunzitsi, ulemuwo umatsika kwambiri.
Popanda kafukufuku aliyense, zikuwonekeratu kuti pagulu lililonse, mphunzitsi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri, ndipo simungakhulupirire aliyense pakulera ndi kuphunzitsa ana. Koma popita nthawi kunapezeka kuti pamene aphunzitsi amafunikira kwambiri, katundu wawo wazambiri ayenera kukhala wamkulu. Maphunziro apamwambawa amachepetsa mosiyanasiyana kuchuluka kwa ophunzira komanso kuchuluka kwa aphunzitsi. Kazembe wabwino kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 amatha kupatsa mwana wamwamuna m'modzi wa banja lolemekezeka chidziwitso chonse chofunikira. Koma mukakhala pagulu la ana otere, mamilioni abwanamkubwa abwino samakwanira aliyense. Ndinayenera kupanga maphunziro: choyamba, aphunzitsi amtsogolo amaphunzitsidwa, kenako amaphunzitsa ana. Dongosololi, chilichonse chomwe munthu anganene, limakhala lalikulu komanso lovuta. Ndipo m'mbiri ya dongosolo lililonse lalikulu pamakhala malo ochitira, chidwi, ndi zovuta.
1. Aphunzitsi ndi otakata modabwitsa (poyerekeza ndi malipiro awo) omwe amaimiridwa pazandalama zakunja kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ku Greece, ndalama zasiliva zokwana 10,000 zinaperekedwa ndi chithunzi cha Aristotle, mphunzitsi wa Alexander the Great. Woyambitsa Academy yotchuka ya Plato adalemekezedwa ndi Italy (100 lire). Ku Armenia, chikalata chomenyera ndalama zokwana 1,000 chosonyeza amene anayambitsa maphunziro a ku Armenia a Mesrop Mashtots. Erasmus waku Rotterdam yemwe anali mphunzitsi wachi Dutch komanso wophunzitsa zaumunthu anapatsidwa chiphaso cha 100 chakunyumba kwawo. Ndalama yakubanki yaku Czech 200 ili ndi chithunzi cha mphunzitsi waluso Jan Amos Komensky. Anthu aku Switzerland adalemekeza kukumbukira kwawo Johann Pestalozzi poika chithunzi chake pa 20-franc. Ndalama yaku dinari ya ku Serbia 10 ili ndi chithunzi cha wokonzanso chilankhulo cha Serbo-Croatia ndikupanga galamala ndi dikishonale yake, Karadzic Vuk Stefanovic. A Peter Beron, wolemba buku loyamba la ku Bulgaria, akuwonetsedwa papepala la leva 10. Estonia idapita yokha: chithunzi cha mphunzitsi wa Chijeremani ndi mabuku Karl Robert Jakobson adayikidwa pa 500 kroon banknot. Maria Montessori, yemwe adayambitsa njira zophunzitsira m'dzina lake, amakongoletsa ndalama za ku Italy za lire 1,000. Chithunzi cha purezidenti woyamba wa Nigerian Teachers Union, Alvan Ikoku, chidalembedwa papepala la 10 naira.
2. Mphunzitsi yekhayo amene adalemba mbiri yophunzitsa chifukwa cha wophunzira yekhayo ndi Ann Sullivan. Kuyambira ali mwana, mayi waku America uyu adamwalira amayi ndi mchimwene wake (abambo ake adasiya banja ngakhale kale) ndipo adachita khungu. Mwa maopareshoni ambiri, m'modzi yekha ndiye adathandizira, koma Ann samatha kuwona. Komabe, kusukulu ya akhungu, adaphunzitsa Helen Keller wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, yemwe adasiya kuwona komanso kumva ali ndi miyezi 19. Sullivan adatha kupeza njira yofikira kwa Helen. Mtsikanayo anamaliza sukulu ya sekondale ndi koleji, ngakhale kuti m'zaka zimenezo (Keller anabadwa mu 1880) panalibe funso lililonse la maphunziro apadera, ndipo anaphunzira ndi ana asukulu athanzi komanso ophunzira. Sullivan ndi Keller adakhala nthawi yonse limodzi mpaka imfa ya Sullivan mu 1936. Helen Keller adakhala wolemba komanso wodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Tsiku lobadwa ake pa June 27 amakondwerera ku United States ngati Helen Keller Day.
Anne Sullivan ndi Helen Keller akulemba buku
3. Academician Yakov Zeldovich sanali kokha wasayansi waluso, komanso wolemba mabuku atatu abwino kwambiri a masamu kwa akatswiri azafizikiki. Mabuku a Zeldovich adasiyanitsidwa osati mogwirizana ndi kufotokozera kwazinthuzo, komanso chilankhulo chofotokozera chomwe chinali chodziwika bwino panthawiyo (1960 - 1970). Mwadzidzidzi, m'modzi mwamakalata opapatiza, kalata idalembedwa ndi akatswiri a maphunziro Leonid Sedov, Lev Pontryagin ndi Anatoly Dorodnitsyn, momwe mabuku a Zeldovich adatsutsidwira ndendende chifukwa chofotokozera zomwe sizinali zoyenera "sayansi yayikulu." Zeldovich anali munthu wotsutsana, nthawi zonse anali ndi anthu okwanira okwera nsanje. Ponseponse, asayansi aku Soviet Union, kunena modekha, sanali gulu lodzikongoletsa la anthu amalingaliro ofanana. Koma apa chifukwa chomwe zidawachitikirazo chinali chochepa kwambiri mwakuti dzina loti "Asitikali atatu motsutsana ndi msirikali katatu" adapatsidwa nawo nkhondoyi nthawi yomweyo. Katatu Hero of Socialist Labor anali, monga mungaganizire, wolemba mabuku Ya. Zeldovich.
Yakov Zeldovich pokamba nkhani
4. Monga mukudziwira, Lev Landau, pamodzi ndi Evgeny Lifshitz, adapanga maphunziro apamwamba mu sayansi ya sayansi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, njira zake zophunzitsira sizingakhale zitsanzo zoyenera kutsanzira. Ku Kharkiv State University, adalandira dzina loti "Levko Durkovich" nthawi zambiri amatcha ophunzira "opusa" komanso "opusa." Mwachiwonekere, mwanjira imeneyi mwana wa mainjiniya ndi dokotala adayesetsa kuphunzitsa ophunzira, ambiri mwa iwo omwe amaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu ya antchito, ndiye kuti, sanakonzekere bwino, maziko a chikhalidwe. Pakulemba mayeso, m'modzi mwa ophunzira ku Landau adaganiza kuti lingaliro lake silabwino. Anayamba kuseka mwakachetechete, anagona pa tebulo ndikumenyetsa miyendo yake. Msungwanayo wolimbikira anabwereza yankho paboolopo, ndipo pambuyo pake mphunzitsiyo adavomereza kuti akunena zowona.
Lev Landau
5. Landau adatchuka ndi njira yoyambirira yolemba mayeso. Adafunsa gululi ngati panali ophunzira omwe anali okonzeka kutenga "C" osakhoza mayeso. Amenewo, anapezadi, analandira sukulu, ndipo ananyamuka. Ndiye ndondomeko yomweyo idabwerezedwa osati kokha ndi iwo omwe amafuna kupeza "anayi", komanso ndi iwo omwe anali ndi ludzu la "zisanu". Wophunzira Vladimir Smirnov analinso woyamba kulemba mayeso ku Moscow State University. Adadziwitsa gululo pasadakhale kuti matikiti adzadzazidwa motsata manambala, dongosolo lokhalo ndi lomwe lingakhale lolunjika kapena lotembenuza (kuyambira tikiti yomaliza). Ophunzirawo, adayenera kugawira anthu pamzere ndikuphunzira matikiti awiri.
6. Mphunzitsi waku Germany komanso katswiri wamasamu Felix Klein, yemwe adathandizira kwambiri pakukweza maphunziro amasukulu, nthawi zonse wakhala akuyesetsa kutsimikizira kuwerengera kwa nthanthi poyendera masukulu. M'sukulu imodzi, Klein adafunsa ophunzira kuti Copernicus adabadwa liti. Palibe aliyense m'kalasi yemwe akanakhoza kuyankha ngakhale mokwiya. Kenako mphunzitsiyo adafunsa funso lotsogolera: zidachitika nthawi yathu ino isanakwane, kapena pambuyo pake. Kumva yankho lachidaliro: "Zachidziwikire, zisanachitike!", Klein adalemba pamawu ovomerezeka kuti ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti poyankha funso ili, ana sagwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "inde".
Felix Klein
7. Wamaphunziro a Zilankhulo Viktor Vinogradov, atakhala zaka 10 m'misasa, sanakonde khamu lalikulu la anthu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuyambira nthawi zisanachitike nkhondo, panali mphekesera kuti anali mphunzitsi wabwino kwambiri. Pambuyo pokonzanso, Vinogradov adalembedwa ntchito ku Moscow Pedagogical Institute, nkhani zoyambirira zidagulitsidwa. Vinogradov anasochera ndipo adawerenga nkhaniyo mwamwambo: amati, nkuti wolemba ndakatulo Zhukovsky, adakhalako nthawi imeneyo, adalemba izi ndi izo - zonse zomwe zingawerengedwe m'buku. Panthawiyo, kupezeka kunali kwaulere, ndipo ophunzira osakhutira adasiya omvera mwachangu. Pokhapokha atangotsala ochepa omvera, Vinogradov adatsitsimuka ndikuyamba kuyankhula mwanzeru.
Victor Vinogradov
8. Kudzera m'manja mwa aphunzitsi odziwika bwino aku Soviet Union Anton Makarenko, yemwe mu 1920-1936 adatsogolela mabungwe azachilango kwa ana opulupudza, akaidi opitilira 3,000 adadutsamo. Palibe amene adabwerera kunjira yopalamula. Ena mwa iwo adakhala aphunzitsi odziwika, ndipo ambiri adadziwonetsa bwino kwambiri panthawi ya Great Patriotic War. Mwa omwe adanyamula omwe adaleredwa ndi Makarenko, ndi bambo wa wandale wotchuka Grigory Yavlinsky. Mabuku a Anton Semyonovich amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mamanejala ku Japan - amatsata mfundo zake pakupanga gulu logwirizana. UNESCO yalengeza 1988 chaka cha A. S. Makarenko. Pa nthawi yomweyo anaphatikizidwa mu chiwerengero cha aphunzitsi amene anatsimikiza mfundo za kuphunzitsa za m'zaka za zana lino. Pamndandandawu mulinso Maria Montessori, John Dewey ndi a Georgia Kerschensteiner.
Anton Makarenko ndi ophunzira ake
9. Wotsogolera kanema wopambana Mikhail Romm, wopita ku mayeso olowera ku VGIK kuchokera kwa Vasily Shukshin, adakwiya kuti wopemphayo m'mabuku onse akhuthala amangowerenga "Martin Eden" ndipo nthawi yomweyo amagwira ntchito ngati director wa sukulu. Shukshin sanakhalebe ndi ngongole ndipo, mwa njira yake yofotokozera, adauza wamkulu wamkulu wa kanema kuti director of a school ya kumidzi amayenera kupeza ndikupereka nkhuni, palafini, aphunzitsi, ndi zina zambiri - osati kuwerenga. Chidwi Romm adapatsa Shukshin "zisanu".
10. M'modzi mwa omwe adayesa mayeso ku Oxford University adadabwitsidwa ndi kufunsa kwa wophunzira yemwe adakhoza mayeso kuti amupatse nyama yankhumba yosuta. Wophunzira adapeza lamulo lakale lomwe malinga ndi zomwe, pakakhala mayeso atali (akadalipo ndipo atha kukhala tsiku lonse), yunivesite iyenera kudyetsa oyesawo ndi nyama yosuta ndi kumwa mowa. Mowa unakanidwa atapeza kuletsa zakumwa posachedwapa. Pambuyo pokopa kwambiri, nyama yankhumba yosuta idasinthidwa ndikuyesa mayeso komanso chakudya chofulumira. Patatha masiku ochepa, aphunzitsiwo adaperekeza wophunzirayo mosamala ku Khothi la Yunivesite. Kumeneko, gulu la anthu khumi ndi awiri ovala zovala ndi madiresi adamuchotsa ku yunivesite. Malinga ndi lamulo logwirabe ntchito la 1415, ophunzira akuyenera kuwonekera pamayeso ndi lupanga.
Chikhalidwe champhamvu
11. Maria Montessori mwamphamvu sanafune kukhala mphunzitsi. Munthawi yachinyamata (kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19), mayi wina waku Italiya amangolandira maphunziro apamwamba (ku Italy, maphunziro apamwamba anali osatheka kwa amuna - ngakhale theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la makumi awiri, munthu aliyense wamwamuna aliyense wamaphunziro aliwonse apamwamba adatchedwa "Dottore"). Montessori adayenera kusiya mwambowu - adakhala mkazi woyamba ku Italy kulandira digiri ya udokotala, kenako digiri ya zamankhwala. Anali ndi zaka 37 zokha pomwe adatsegula sukulu yoyamba yophunzitsira ana odwala.
Maria Montessori. Anayenera kukhalabe mphunzitsi
12. Chimodzi mwaziphunzitso zaku America komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi, a John Dewey amakhulupirira kuti anthu aku Siberia amakhala zaka 120. Nthawi ina adanena izi poyankhulana ali ndi zaka 90, ndipo anali kudwala kwambiri. Wasayansiyo adati ngati anthu aku Siberia akhala zaka 120, bwanji osamuyesa. Dewey anamwalira ali ndi zaka 92.
13. Atapanga njira yake yophunzitsira potengera mfundo zaumunthu, Vasily Sukhomlinsky adawonetsa kulimba mtima kwakukulu. Atalandira bala lalikulu pa Great Patriotic War, Sukhomlinsky, atabwerera kwawo, adamva kuti mkazi wake ndi mwana wake adaphedwa mwankhanza - mkazi wake adagwirizana ndi gulu lachiwawa. Wakale wazaka 24 yemwe wakhala akuphunzitsa kuyambira zaka 17 sanasiye. Mpaka imfa yake, sikuti anangogwira ntchito ngati director wa sukulu, komanso anali kuchita nawo chiphunzitso, kafukufuku wowerengera, komanso adalemba mabuku a ana.
Vasily Sukhomlinsky
14. Mu 1850, mphunzitsi wodziwika bwino waku Russia Konstantin Ushinsky adasiya ntchito yauphunzitsi ku Demidov Juridical Lyceum. Mphunzitsi wachichepereyo adakwiya chifukwa chofunidwa kwambiri ndi oyang'anira: kuti apereke mapulogalamu athunthu ndi ana, ataphwanyidwa ola limodzi ndi tsiku. Ushinsky adayesetsa kutsimikizira kuti zoletsa izi zitha kupha kuphunzitsa kwamoyo. Aphunzitsi, malinga ndi Konstantin Dmitrievich, ayenera kuwerengera zofuna za ophunzira. Kusiya ntchito kwa Ushinsky ndi anzawo omwe amamuthandiza adakhutitsidwa. Tsopano kuwonongeka kwa makalasi ndi maola ndi masiku kumatchedwa kukonzekera maphunzilo ndikukonzekera ndipo ndizovomerezeka kwa mphunzitsi aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za mutu womwe amaphunzitsa.
Konstantin Ushinsky
15. Apanso Ushinsky adachitiridwa chipongwe m'maphunziro a Russia yachifumu atakula kale. Kuchokera positi woyang'anira wa Smolny Institute, womunamizira kuti kulibe Mulungu, zachiwerewere, kuganiza mozama komanso kusalemekeza mabwana ake, adatumizidwa pa ... ulendo wazaka zisanu wazachuma ku Europe mwachinyengo pagulu. Kunja, Konstantin Dmitrievich adayendera mayiko angapo, adalemba mabuku awiri anzeru ndikulankhula zambiri ndi Mfumukazi Maria Alexandrovna.
16. Doctor and aphunzitsi Janusz Korczak kuyambira 1911 anali director of "Home of Orphans" ku Warsaw. Pambuyo polandidwa ndi asitikali aku Germany, Nyumba ya Orphans idasamutsidwira ku ghetto yachiyuda - ambiri mwa akaidi, monga Korczak iyemwini, anali Ayuda. Mu 1942, pafupifupi ana 200 adatumizidwa kumsasa wa Treblinka. Korczak anali ndi mipata yambiri yobisala, koma anakana kusiya ophunzira ake. Pa Ogasiti 6, 1942, mphunzitsi wabwino komanso ophunzira ake adaphedwa mchipinda chamagesi.
17. Mphunzitsi wamakhalidwe ku Hungary ndikujambula Laszlo Polgar akadali mwana, ataphunzira mbiri ya anthu angapo aluso, adazindikira kuti mutha kulera mwana aliyense ngati waluntha, mumangofunika maphunziro oyenera komanso kugwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Atatenga mkazi (anakumana ndi makalata), Polgar anayamba kutsimikizira chiphunzitso chake. Ana atatu aakazi, obadwira m'banja, adaphunzitsidwa kusewera chess pafupifupi kuyambira ali wakhanda - Polgar adasankha masewerawa ngati mwayi wowunika zotsatira zamaphunziro ndi maphunziro moyenera momwe angathere. Zotsatira zake, Zsuzsa Polgar adakhala mtsogoleri padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa akazi komanso agogo aamuna pakati pa amuna, ndipo azilongo ake a Judit ndi Sofia nawonso adalandira mayina a agogo.
... ndi zokongola zokha. Alongo a Polgar
18. Mkhalidwe wamwayi ungatchedwe tsogolo la Swiss Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Zochita zake zonse zidalephera pazifukwa zopitilira mphunzitsi waluso. Pomwe adakhazikitsa The Asylum for the Poor, adakumana ndi mfundo yoti makolo othokoza adatulutsa ana awo pasukulu akangoyimirira ndikuyambiranso zovala zaulere. Malinga ndi lingaliro la Pestalozzi, bungwe la ana liyenera kudzisamalira lokha, koma kutuluka kwa ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse sikunatsimikizire kupitiriza. Momwemonso kwa Makarenko, ana akukula adakhala othandizira gululi. Pestalozzi analibe chithandizo chotere, ndipo atakhala zaka 5, adatseka "Institution". Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa bourgeois ku Switzerland, Pestalozzi adakhazikitsa nyumba yosungira ana amasiye yabwino kwambiri kunyumba yachifumu ku Stans. Apa mphunzitsiyo adazindikira kulakwa kwake ndikukonzekeretsa ana okulirapo pasadakhale kuti akhale othandizira. Vutoli lidabwera mwa mawonekedwe ankhondo a Napoleon. Amangothamangitsa ana amasiyewo m'nyumba ya amonke yomwe inali yoyenera kukhalamo. Pomaliza, Pestalozzi atakhazikitsa ndi kupanga Burgdorf Institute kukhala yotchuka padziko lonse lapansi, bungweli, patatha zaka 20 likuyenda bwino, linathetsa mikangano pakati pa ogwira ntchito.
19. Pulofesa wa nthawi yayitali ku Yunivesite ya Königsberg, Immanuel Kant, adachita chidwi ndi ophunzira ake osati posunga nthawi (amayang'ana nthawi m'mayendedwe ake) komanso luntha lakuya. Nthano ina yonena za Kant ikuti tsiku lina maadiya a wafilosofi yemwe sanakwatirane adakwanitsabe kumukokera kunyumba yachigololo, Kant adalongosola zomwe amamuwona ngati "magulu ang'onoang'ono, opanda pake opanda pake".
Kant
20. Katswiri wazamisala komanso mphunzitsi Lev Vygotsky, mwina, sakanakhala katswiri wazamisala kapena mphunzitsi, ngati sichoncho pazosintha za 1917 ndikuwonongeka komwe kunatsatira. Vygotsky adaphunzira ku Faculty of Law and History and Philosophy, ndipo monga wophunzira adasindikiza zolemba zolemba zolemba zakale. Komabe, ndizovuta kudyetsa zolemba ku Russia ngakhale muzaka zodekha, komanso makamaka mzaka zosintha.Vygotsky anakakamizidwa kupeza ntchito monga mphunzitsi, choyamba pasukulu kenako ku sukulu yaukadaulo. Kuphunzitsa kunamugwira kwambiri kwakuti kwa zaka 15, ngakhale anali ndi thanzi labwino (anali ndi chifuwa chachikulu), adafalitsa zoposa 200 zantchito yophunzitsa ana ndi psychology, ena mwa iwo adakhala akatswiri.
Lev Vygotsky
