Suleiman I Wodabwitsa (Qanuni; 1494-1566) - 10 Sultan wa Ottoman ndi 89th Khalifa kuyambira 1538. Amadziwika kuti ndi wamkulu wamkulu m'banja la Ottoman; pansi pake, Ottoman Porta idafika pachimake.
Ku Europe, Sultan nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Suleiman Wopambana, pomwe ali mdziko lachi Muslim, Suleiman Qanuni.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Suleiman Wodabwitsa, yomwe tidzakambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Suleiman I Wodabwitsa.
Mbiri ya Suleiman Wodabwitsa
Suleiman Wabwino Kwambiri adabadwa pa Novembala 6, 1494 (kapena pa Epulo 27, 1495) mumzinda waku Trabzon ku Turkey. Anakulira m'banja la Sultan wa Ottoman Empire Selim I ndi mdzakazi wake Hafsah the Sultan.
Mnyamatayo adalandira maphunziro apamwamba, chifukwa mtsogolo amayenera kukhala odziwa bwino zochitika zadziko. Ali mwana, anali kazembe wazigawo zitatu, kuphatikiza Crimea K Khanate.
Ngakhale pamenepo, Suleiman adadzionetsa ngati wolamulira wanzeru, yemwe adapambana amzake. Adatsogolera boma la Ottoman ali ndi zaka 26.
Atakhala pampando wachifumu, Suleiman Wodabwitsa kwambiri adalamula kuti amasulidwe m'ndende za Aigupto mazana ambiri omwe anali ochokera ku mabanja olemekezeka. Chifukwa cha ichi, adatha kukhazikitsa ubale wamalonda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana.
Izi zidakondweretsa azungu, omwe anali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu chamtendere wanthawi yayitali, koma ziyembekezo zawo sizinaphule kanthu. Ngakhale Suleiman sanali wokhetsa magazi ngati bambo ake, anali ndi zofooka zakugonjetsa.
Mfundo zakunja
Chaka chotsatira atakhala pampando wachifumu, sultan adatumiza akazembe awiri kwa mfumu ya Hungary ndi Bohemia - Lajos, akufuna kulandira msonkho kuchokera kwa iye. Koma popeza Laishou anali wachichepere, omvera ake adakana zonena za Ottoman, ndikumanga kazembeyo.
Suleiman I atadziwika, adapita kukamenya nkhondo ndi osamvera. Mu 1521 asitikali ake adalanda malo achitetezo a Sabac kenako kuzungulira mzinda wa Belgrade. Mzindawu unakana momwe ungathere, koma atangotsala magulu 400 ankhondo, linga linagwa, ndipo anthu a ku Turkey anapha onse opulumuka.
Pambuyo pake, Suleiman Wamkulu adapeza chigonjetso m'modzi m'modzi, ndikukhala m'modzi mwamphamvu komanso wamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Pambuyo pake adalanda Nyanja Yofiira, Hungary, Algeria, Tunisia, chilumba cha Rhode, Iraq ndi madera ena.
Nyanja Yakuda ndi madera akum'mawa a Mediterranean nawonso adayang'aniridwa ndi Sultan. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu aku Turkey adagonjetsa Slavonia, Transylvania, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina.
Mu 1529, Suleiman I Wamkulu, ndi gulu lankhondo la 120,000, adapita kukamenya nkhondo ndi Austria, koma sanathe kuigonjetsa. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kufalikira kwa mliri womwe udapha miyoyo ya pafupifupi theka la asitikali aku Turkey.
Mwina ndi maiko aku Russia okha omwe anali osakondweretsa Suleiman. Ankaona dziko la Russia ngati chigonthi. Komabe, anthu a ku Turkey nthawi zambiri ankalanda mizinda ya boma la Muscovite. Kuphatikiza apo, a Crimea Khan adafika mpaka likulu, koma kampeni yayikulu yankhondo sinakonzekere.
Pakutha kwa ulamuliro wa Suleiman Wodabwitsa Kwambiri, Ufumu wa Ottoman unali utakhala wamphamvu kwambiri m'mbiri ya Asilamu. Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake yankhondo, Sultan adachita kampeni zazikulu 13, zomwe 10 ku Europe.
Munthawi imeneyo, mawu oti "Aturuki pazipata" adawopseza azungu onse, ndipo Suleiman yemweyo adadziwika kuti Wokana Kristu. Komabe ntchito zankhondo zinawononga kwambiri chuma. Awiri mwa magawo atatu a ndalama zomwe analandila mosungiramo chuma adazigwiritsa ntchito posamalira gulu lankhondo lamphamvu 200,000.
Mfundo zapakhomo
Suleiman adatchedwa "Wokongola" pazifukwa. Sanachite bwino pantchito yankhondo yokha, komanso muntchito zamkati mwaufumu. Ndi lamulo lake, malamulo adasinthidwa, omwe adagwira ntchito bwino mpaka zaka za 20th.
Kuphedwa ndi kudulidwa kwa zigawenga kwatsika kwambiri. Komabe, olandira ziphuphu, mboni zabodza komanso omwe amachita zachinyengo adapitilizabe kutaya dzanja lawo lamanja.
Suleiman adalamula kuti achepetse kukakamizidwa kwa Sharia - mfundo zomwe zimatsimikizira zikhulupiriro, komanso kupanga zikumbumtima zachipembedzo ndi zikhalidwe za Asilamu.
Izi zinali choncho chifukwa nthumwi za Ottoman zidakhala oimira zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Sultan adalamula kuti pakhale malamulo aboma, koma zina mwa zosinthazi sizinachitike chifukwa cha nkhondo zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi.
Pansi pa Suleiman 1 Wabwino Kwambiri, maphunziro adasintha bwino. Sukulu zatsopano zoyambira nthawi zonse zinkatsegulidwa m'boma, ndipo omaliza maphunziro anali ndi ufulu wopitiliza maphunziro awo m'makoleji. Komanso, wolamulira adasamalira kwambiri luso la zomangamanga.
Wokonda mapulani a Suleiman - Sinan, anamanga mzikiti zitatu zazikulu: Selimiye, Shehzade ndi Suleymaniye, yomwe idakhala chitsanzo cha kalembedwe ka Ottoman. Tikumbukenso kuti Sultan chidwi chachikulu ndakatulo.
Mwamunayo mwiniyo analemba ndakatulo, komanso amapereka chithandizo kwa olemba ambiri. Munthawi yaulamuliro wake, ndakatulo za Ottoman zinali pachimake. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti pomwepo panali udindo watsopano m'boma - wolemba mbiri.
Zolemba ngati izi zidalandiridwa ndi olemba ndakatulo omwe amayenera kufotokozera zochitika zam'mbuyomu mwa ndakatulo. Komanso, Suleiman Zazikulu ankaona wosula kwambiri, panokha kuponyera mfuti, komanso katswiri wa zodzikongoletsera.
Moyo waumwini
Olemba mbiri ya a Suleiman sangavomerezane kuti ndi azimayi angati omwe anali m'malo mwake. Amadziwika molingana ndi zokonda za wolamulira, yemwe adamuberekera ana.
Mdzakazi woyamba wa wolowa nyumba wazaka 17 anali mtsikana wotchedwa Fülane. Anali ndi mwana wamba, Mahmud, yemwe adamwalira ndi nthomba ali ndi zaka 9. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti Fülane sanatenge gawo lililonse mu mbiri ya Sultan.
Kuchokera kwa mdzakazi wachiwiri, Gulfem Khatun, Suleiman Wamkulu anali ndi mwana wamwamuna, Murad, amenenso anamwalira ali mwana kuchokera ku nthomba. Mu 1562, mkazi adatsamwitsidwa ndi lamulo la wolamulira. Mdzakazi wachitatu wa mwamunayo anali Mahidevran Sultan.
Kwa zaka 20, adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi azimayi komanso kubwalo lamilandu, koma sanathe kukhala mkazi wa Suleiman Wamkulu. Anasiya boma ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna Mustafa, yemwe anali kazembe wa chigawo chimodzi. Pambuyo pake a Mustafa adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe powaganizira kuti apanga chiwembu.
Wokondedwa wotsatira komanso mdzakazi yekha wa Sultan, yemwe adakwatirana naye mu 1534, anali Khyurrem Sultan, yemwe amadziwika kuti Roksolana.
Roksolana anatha mwaluso kutsogolera zochita za mwamuna wake. Mwa lamulo lake, anachotsa ana aamuna obadwa kwa adzakazi ena. Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska anabala mwamuna wamkazi Mihrimah ndi ana asanu
M'modzi mwa anawo, Selim, adatsogolera Ufumu wa Ottoman bambo ake atamwalira. Mu ulamuliro wake, ufumuwo unayamba kutha. Sultan watsopanoyu ankakonda kucheza nthawi yosangalala, m'malo mochita zinthu zaboma.
Imfa
Suleiman adamwalira, momwe amafunira, kunkhondo. Izi zidachitika pomwe mzinda wa Szigetavr unazunguliridwa. Suleiman I the Magnificent adamwalira pa Seputembara 6, 1566 ali ndi zaka 71. Iye anaikidwa m'manda, pafupi ndi manda a Roksolana.
Chithunzi cha Suleiman Wodabwitsa
