Virgil

Wolemba Virgil Maron (Zaka 70-19. Monga wolemba ndakatulo zazikulu zitatu, adaphimba Agiriki Theocritus ("Bucolics"), Hesiod ("Achigiriki") ndi Homer ("Aeneid").

Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Virgil, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Publius Virgil.

Mbiri ya Virgil

Virgil adabadwa pa Okutobala 15, 70 BC. ku Cisalpine Galia (Roman Republic). Anakulira m'banja losavuta koma lolemera la Virgil Sr. ndi mkazi wake, Magic Polla.

Kuphatikiza pa iye, makolo ake anali ndi ana ena atatu, omwe m'modzi yekha adakwanitsa kupulumuka - Valery Prokul.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Pafupifupi chilichonse chodziwika paubwana wa wolemba ndakatulo. Ali ndi zaka 12, adaphunzira kusukulu ya galamala. Pambuyo pake adaphunzira ku Milan, Rome ndi Naples. Olemba mbiri yakale akuti ndi bambo amene adalimbikitsa Virgil kuchita zandale, kufuna kuti mwana wawo wamwamuna akhale m'gulu la olemekezeka.

M'masukulu ophunzitsira, Virgil adaphunzira zonena, kulemba ndi nzeru. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, malinga ndi malingaliro ake, malangizo anzeru kwambiri kwa iye anali Epicureanism.

Ngakhale kuti Publius anali kupita patsogolo m'maphunziro ake, analibe mawu, omwe wolemba ndale aliyense amafunikira. Kamodzi kokha mnyamatayo adawonekera kukhothi, komwe adakumana ndi vuto lalikulu. Kulankhula kwake kunali kochedwa kwambiri, kuzengereza, komanso kusokoneza.

Virgil anaphunziranso Chigiriki ndi mabuku. Moyo wamzindawu unatopa naye, chifukwa chake nthawi zonse amafuna kubwerera kudera lakwawo ndikukhala mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.

Zotsatira zake, patapita nthawi, Publius Virgil adabwerera kwawo, komwe adayamba kulemba ndakatulo zake zoyambirira - "Bucolics" ("Eclogi"). Komabe, moyo wabata ndi wamtendere udasokonezedwa ndikusintha kwamaboma.

Zolemba ndi nzeru

Nkhondo itatha ku Philippines, Kaisara adalonjeza kupatsa malo ankhondo onse. Pachifukwa ichi, gawo lina la minda yawo lidalandidwa nzika zambiri. Publiyo adakhala m'modzi wa omwe adathamangitsidwa m'zinthu zawo.

Pofika nthawi ya mbiri yake, Virgil anali atadziwika kale, chifukwa cha ntchito zake - "Polemon", "Daphnis" ndi "Alexis". Pamene wolemba ndakatulo adasiyidwa wopanda denga, abwenzi ake adapita kwa Octavian Augustus kuti amuthandize.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti August adadzizoloŵera yekha ndikuvomereza ntchito za wolemba ndakatulo wachichepereyo, kumulamula kuti apatsidwe nyumba ku Roma, komanso malo ku Campania. Monga chisonyezero chothokoza, Virgil adalemekeza Octavian mu eclogue yatsopano "Tythir".

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Perusian, kulanda katundu kwatsopano kunachitika m'bomalo. Ndiponso Augusto anapembedzera Publiyo. Wolemba ndakatulo adalemba cholembedwa chachisanu ndi chiwiri polemekeza mwana wakhanda wa woyang'anira, ndikumutcha "nzika ya m'badwo wagolide."

Mtendere utakhazikitsidwanso ku Roman Republic, Virgil adakwanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yaulere kuchita zaluso. Nthawi zambiri ankapita ku Naples chifukwa cha nyengo yofunda. Pakadali pano, adasindikiza mbiri yodziwika bwino ya "Georgia", yolimbikitsa abale ake kuti abwezeretse chuma chomwe chinawonongedwa nkhondo zitatha.

Publius Virgil anali ndi ntchito zambiri, zomwe adatha kuziwerenga osati ndakatulo za olemba osiyanasiyana, komanso mbiri ya mizinda yakale ndi midzi. Pambuyo pake, ntchitozi zimulimbikitsa kuti apange "Aeneid" wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Virgil, pamodzi ndi Ovid ndi Horace, amadziwika kuti ndi wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu wakale. Ntchito yayikulu yoyamba ya Publius inali Bucolics (39 BC), yomwe inali kuzungulira kwamavesi abusa. Izi zidatchuka kwambiri, ndikupangitsa wolemba wawo kukhala wolemba ndakatulo wodziwika kwambiri m'nthawi yake.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti inali ntchito iyi yomwe idatsogolera pakupanga mtundu watsopano wa bucolic. Ponena za kuyera ndi kukwanira kwa vesili, pankhaniyi, pachimake pa luso la Virgil amadziwika kuti ndi Georgiki (29 BC), nkhani yokhudza ulimi.

Ndakatuloyi inali ndi mavesi 2,188 ndi mabuku 4, omwe amakhudza mitu ya zaulimi, kulima zipatso, kuswana ng'ombe, kuweta njuchi, kukana zoti kulibe Mulungu komanso madera ena.

Pambuyo pake Virgil adayamba kupanga Aeneid, ndakatulo yonena za chiyambi cha mbiri yakale ya Roma, yomwe idapangidwa ngati "yankho kwa Homer." Sanathe kumaliza ntchitoyi ndipo anafuna kuwotcha mwaluso wake usiku woti aphedwa mawa. Komabe, Aeneid idasindikizidwa ndikukhala nthano yeniyeni yadziko ku Republic of Roma.

Mawu ambiri ochokera pantchitoyi adasinthidwa mwachangu kukhala mawu ogwidwa, kuphatikizapo:

"Weruzani ena mmodzimmodzi."
"Wotembereredwa ludzu la golide."
"Posachedwa adasunga mlanduwo."
"Ndikuopa a Dani, ndi iwo amene abweretsa mphatso."

Mu Middle Ages ndi the Early Modern Era, Aeneid inali imodzi mwazinthu zochepa zakale zomwe sizinataye kufunika kwake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, anali Virgil yemwe Dante adamujambula mu The Divine Comedy ngati womutsogolera pambuyo pa moyo. Ndakatulo imeneyi ikuphatikizidwanso m'maphunziro a sukulu m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Imfa

Mu 29 A.D. Virgil adaganiza zopita ku Greece kuti akapume ndikugwira ntchito ya Aeneid, koma Augustus, yemwe adakumana ndi wolemba ndakatulo ku Athens, adamuthandiza kuti abwerere kwawo posachedwa. Kuyenda molakwika kunakhudza thanzi la mwamunayo.

Atafika kunyumba, Publius anadwala kwambiri. Anayamba kutentha thupi kwambiri, komwe kunadzetsa imfa yake. Pamene, atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, adayesa kuwotcha Aeneid, abwenzi ake, Varius ndi Tukka, adamunyengerera kuti asunge zolembedwazo ndipo adalonjeza kuti azikonza.

Wolemba ndakatulo adalamula kuti asawonjezere chilichonse kuchokera kwa iye, koma kuti achotse malo ovutawo. Izi zikufotokozera kuti ndakatuloyi ili ndi ndakatulo zambiri zosakwanira komanso zosakanikirana. Publius Virgil adamwalira pa Seputembara 21, 19 BC. ali ndi zaka 50.