Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (mwa monasticism Alexy; 1221-1263) - Kalonga wa Novgorod, Grand Duke waku Kiev, Grand Duke waku Vladimir komanso mtsogoleri wankhondo. Mu Tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox chovomerezeka.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Aleksandra Nevskogo, amene tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Alexander Nevsky.
Wambiri Aleksandra Nevskogo
Alexander Nevsky anabadwa pa May 13, 1221 mumzinda wa Pereslavl-Zalessky. Iye anali mwana wa kalonga wa Pereyaslavl (pambuyo pake kalonga wa Kiev ndi Vladimir) Yaroslav Vsevolodovich ndi mkazi wake, Mfumukazi Rostislava Mstislavna.
Alexander anali ndi abale 8: Fedor, Andrey, Mikhail, Daniel, Konstantin, Yaroslav, Athanasius ndi Vasily, komanso alongo awiri - Maria ndi Ulyana.
Mtsogoleri wamtsogolo atakwanitsa zaka 4, iye ndi abale ake adapereka mwambowu kukhala wankhondo, wopangidwa ndi abambo ake. Mu 1230 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich anaika ana ake, Alexander ndi Fyodor, mu ulamuliro wa Novgorod.
Patatha zaka 3, Fedor anamwalira, chifukwa cha zomwe Alexander Nevsky amawoneka ngati mutu wodziyimira pawokha mzindawo.
Makampu ankhondo
Wambiri Alexander ndi zapiringizana nkhondo. Pampikisano wawo woyamba, kalonga adapita ndi abambo ake ku Dorpat, akufuna kulanda mzindawo kwa anthu aku Livonia. Pankhondoyi, asitikali aku Russia adagonjetsa omenyera nkhondo.
Kenako nkhondo Smolensk ndi asilikali Chilituyaniya, kumene chigonjetso anapita asilikali Alexander Yaroslavovich. Pa Julayi 15, 1240, nkhondo yotchuka ya Neva pakati pa a Sweden ndi Russia idachitika. Oyamba adayesa kuyesera Ladoga, koma adalephera kukwaniritsa cholinga chawo.
Gulu la Alexander, popanda kuthandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu, lidagonjetsa mdani pamtsinje wa Izhora ndi Neva. Zinali pambuyo pa chigonjetso cha mbiriyi chomwe mwana wa Novgorod adayamba kutchedwa Alexander Nevsky.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kupezeka kwa nkhondoyi kumangodziwika kuchokera ku magwero aku Russia, pomwe mu mbiri yakale yaku Sweden sipakutchulidwapo nkhondoyi. Gwero loyamba lotchulidwira nkhondoyi ndi Novgorod First Chronicle, yolembedwa m'zaka za zana la 14.
Malinga ndi chikalatachi, atalandira nkhani zonyansa zankhondo zaku Sweden, mwana wazaka 20 wa Novgorod kalonga Alexander Yaroslavich mwachangu adasamutsa gulu lake laling'ono ndi anthu am'deralo kulimbana ndi adani asanafike ku Lake Ladoga.
Komabe, pambuyo pa nkhondo yopambana, a Novgorod boyars anayamba kuchita mantha ndi mphamvu zomwe zikukula za Alexander. Kudzera mwa zovuta ndi zovuta zina, adakwanitsa kuonetsetsa kuti kalonga wapita kwa Vladimir kwa abambo ake.
Posakhalitsa gulu lankhondo laku Germany linamenya nkhondo ndi Russia, kulanda malo a Pskov, Izborsk, Vozhsky ndi mzinda wa Koporye. Chifukwa, Knights anafika Novgorod. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ma boyars omwewo ayambe kupempha Nevsky kuti abwerere ndi kuwathandiza.
Mu 1241 wamkuluyo adafika ku Novgorod. Pamodzi ndi omenyera ake, adamasula Pskov, ndipo pa Epulo 5, 1242, nkhondo yodziwika idachitika pa Nyanja ya Peipsi, yotchedwa Battle of the Ice. Alexander adakumana ndi a Teutonic Knights, omwe anali okonzekera nkhondo.
Pozindikira kuti mdani anali ndi zida zankhondo bwino, kalonga waku Russia adachita chiwembu. Anakopa adani ake atavala zovala zolemera pa ayezi woonda. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ayezi sanathe kupirira zipolopolo zolemetsa za Ajeremani ndipo adayamba kusweka.
A Teuton adayamba kumira ndikubalalika mozungulira mwamantha. Komabe, okwera pamahatchi aku Russia omwe anali kumenyera m'mbali mwawo adayimitsa kuyesayesa kulikonse kuti athawe. Nkhondo ya Ice itatha, omenyera ufuluwo adasiya zigonjetso zaposachedwa.
Komabe, ngakhale adapambana anthu aku Livonia, a Novgorodians sanachitepo kanthu kuti apite chakumadzulo kulowera ku Finland kapena ku Estonia.
Patatha zaka zitatu, Alexander Nevsky anamasula Torzhok, Toropets ndi Bezhetsk, omwe anali m'manja mwa anthu a ku Lithuania. Kenako anamupeza ndipo anagonjetsa zotsalira za gulu lankhondo la Lithuania.
Bungwe Lolamulira
Pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake a Alexander mu 1247, adakhala kalonga wa Kiev. Pa nthawiyo, dziko la Russia linali pansi pa goli la Chitata ndi Mongol.
Pambuyo pa nkhondo yaku Livonia, Nevsky adapitilizabe kulimbikitsa North-West ya Russia. Anatumiza nthumwi zake ku Norway, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa Russia ndi Norway mu 1251. Alexander adatsogolera gulu lake lankhondo kulowera ku Finland, komwe adagonjetsa a Sweden, omwe adayesanso kuyimitsa Nyanja ya Baltic kuchokera ku Russia mu 1256.
Nevsky anali wanzeru komanso wowona ndale. Anakana kuyesayesa kwa boma la Roma kuyambitsa nkhondo pakati pa Russia ndi Golden Horde, popeza amadziwa kuti panthawiyo Atatari anali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, adazindikira kuti atha kudalira thandizo la Horde ngati wina ayesa kutsutsa ulamuliro wake.
Mu 1252 Andrei ndi Yaroslav, abale a Nevsky, adapita kukamenya nkhondo ndi a Chitata, koma adagonjetsedwa kotheratu ndi iwo. Andrey ngakhale anathawira ku Sweden, chifukwa cha ukulu wa Vladimir unapitilira kwa Alexander.
Udindo wa Alexander Nevsky m'mbiri umayesedwa ndi akatswiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale mkuluyo nthawi zonse ankateteza malo ake kwa adani akumadzulo, nthawi yomweyo amamvera olamulira a Horde.
Kalonga nthawi zambiri ankapita ku Batu, kumutsimikizira kuti amuthandiza. Mu 1257 adapita ku Novgorod limodzi ndi akazembe aku Tatar kukatsimikizira a Horde kuti amuthandiza.
Kuphatikiza apo, pomwe Vasily, mwana wa Alexander, adatsutsa Atatars, Nevsky adalamula kuti atengeredwe kupita kudziko la Suzdal, ndipo m'malo mwake, Dmitry, yemwe anali ndi zaka 7 zokha, ayenera kumangidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, mfundo za wamkulu nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ngati zachinyengo.
Mu 1259, Alexander Nevsky, pogwiritsa ntchito ziwopsezo zakuukira kwa Atata, adakopa a Novgorodians kuti apereke msonkho kwa a Horde. Ichi ndi chinthu china cha Nevsky, chomwe sichimupatsa ulemu.
Moyo waumwini
Mu 1239, kalonga adatenga mwana wamkazi wa Bryachislav waku Polotsk wotchedwa Alexander. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi mtsikana Evdokia ndi anyamata 4: Vasily, Dmitry, Andrey ndi Daniel.
Pali mtundu womwe Nevsky anali ndi mkazi wachiwiri - Vassa. Komabe, olemba mbiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Vassa ndi dzina lachipembedzo la mkazi wake Alexandra.
Imfa
Mu 1262 Alexander Nevsky adapita ku Horde, akufuna kuletsa kampeni ya Tatar-Mongol. Zinayambitsidwa ndi kuphedwa kwa okhometsa msonkho kwa Horde m'mizinda ingapo yaku Russia.
Mu ufumu wa Mongol, wamkuluyo adadwala kwambiri, ndipo adabwerera kunyumba ali wamoyo. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, Alesandro adalonjeza kuti adzatchedwa Alexis. Kuchita kotere, komanso kukana kosalekeza kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo achi Roma kuvomereza Chikatolika, zidapangitsa kuti kalonga akhale wokondedwa pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo aku Russia.
Alexander Nevsky adamwalira pa Novembala 14, 1263 ali ndi zaka 42. Anamuika m'manda ku Vladimir, koma mu 1724 Peter Wamkulu adalamula kuti mabwinja a kalonga aikidwenso ku St. Petersburg Alexander Nevsky Monastery.
Chithunzi ndi Alexander Nevsky
