Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Biologist waku Russia ndi France (microbiologist, cytologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist ndi pathologist). Laureate wa Mphoto ya Nobel mu Physiology kapena Medicine (1908).
M'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa embryology yosinthika, yemwe adapeza phagocytosis ndi chimbudzi cham'mimba, yemwe adayambitsa kuyerekezera kwamatenda, chiphunzitso cha phagocytic cha chitetezo chokwanira, chiphunzitso cha phagocytella, komanso woyambitsa sayansi ya gerontology.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, yomwe tidzakambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Ilya Mechnikov.
Wambiri Mechnikov
Ilya Mechnikov adabadwa pa Meyi 3 (15), 1845 m'mudzi wa Ivanovka (m'chigawo cha Kharkov). Iye anakulira m'banja la serviceman ndi mwinimunda, Ilya Ivanovich, ndi mkazi wake Emilia Lvovna.
Kupatula Ilya, makolo ake anali ndi ana ena anayi.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ilya anakulira m'banja lolemera. Amayi ake anali mwana wamkazi wa Lev Nikolaevich Nevakhovich, wachuma wachiyuda wolemera kwambiri komanso wolemba, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndiye woyambitsa mtundu wa "mabuku achi Russia-achiyuda".
Bambo Mechnikov anali munthu njuga. Anataya chiwongo chonse cha mkazi wake, ndichifukwa chake banja lowonongekalo lidasamukira kunyumba ya Ivanovka.
Ali mwana, Ilya ndi abale ndi alongo ake anaphunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi apanyumba. Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 11, adalowa kalasi yachiwiri ya Kharkov yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Mechnikov analandira mamakisi m'mayeso onse, chifukwa chake adamaliza maphunziro awo kusekondale ndi ulemu.
Pa nthawi imeneyo, Ilya anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi biology. Atamaliza maphunziro awo kusekondale, adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Kharkov University, komwe adamvetsera mosangalala kwambiri pamisonkhano yofanizira anatomy ndi physiology.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wophunzirayo adatha kudziwa maphunziro ake osati zaka 4, koma zaka 2 zokha.
Sayansi
Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite, Mechnikov adakhala kwakanthawi ku Germany, komwe adachita ukadaulo ndi akatswiri azaku Germany a Rudolf Leuckart ndi Karl Siebold.
Ndili ndi zaka 20, Ilya anapita ku Italy. Kumeneko adadziwana bwino ndi biologist Alexander Kovalevsky.
Chifukwa cha kuyanjana, asayansi achichepere adalandira Mphotho ya Karl Baer pazotulukiridwa m'mimba.
Atabwerera kunyumba, Ilya Ilyich anateteza nkhani yolembedwa ya mbuye wake, ndipo kenako pamaphunziro ake a udokotala. Pofika nthawi imeneyo anali asanakwanitse zaka 25.
Mu 1868 Mechnikov anakhala pulofesa wothandizira ku yunivesite ya Novorossiysk. Panthawiyo mu mbiri yake, anali kale ndiudindo waukulu ndi anzawo.
Zomwe asayansi sanapeze sizinavomerezedwe nthawi yomweyo ndi asayansi, popeza malingaliro a Mechnikov adasandutsa zikhalidwe zomwe zimavomerezeka pagulu la thupi la munthu.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ngakhale chiphunzitso cha chitetezo cha phagocytic, chomwe Ilya Ilyich adapatsidwa Mphoto ya Nobel mu 1908, nthawi zambiri chimatsutsidwa.
Asanatulukire Mechnikov, ma leukocyte amawerengedwa kuti amangokhala polimbana ndi zotupa ndi matenda. Ananenanso kuti maselo oyera a magazi, m'malo mwake, amatenga gawo lofunikira poteteza thupi, kuwononga tinthu tangozi.
Wasayansi waku Russia adatsimikizira kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha sikungokhala chabe chifukwa cha kulimbana ndi chitetezo chokwanira, chifukwa chake sizololedwa kuzitsitsira pamlingo winawake.
Mu 1879 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov adapeza ntchito yofunikira ya chitetezo chamthupi - phagocytic (ma) chitetezo. Kutengera ndi izi, adapanga njira yachilengedwe yotetezera zomera ku tiziromboti tambiri.
Mu 1886, biologist adabwerera kwawo, akukhala ku Odessa. Posakhalitsa adayamba kugwira ntchito ndi Mfalansa wofufuza zamatenda Nicholas Gamaleya, yemwe adaphunzitsidwapo pansi pa a Louis Pasteur.
Patadutsa miyezi ingapo, asayansi adatsegula malo 2 obadwa ndi bakiteriya kuti athane ndi matenda opatsirana.
Chaka chotsatira, Ilya Mechnikov achoka ku Paris, komwe adapeza ntchito ku Pasteur Institute. Olemba mbiri yakale ena amakhulupirira kuti adachoka ku Russia chifukwa chodana ndi olamulira ndi anzawo.
Ku France, munthu amatha kupitiliza kugwira ntchito pazinthu zatsopano popanda chopinga, ali ndi zofunikira zonse.
M'zaka Mechnikov analemba ntchito zofunika pa mliri, TB, typhoid ndi kolera. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha ntchito zake zabwino, adapatsidwa udindo wotsogolera sukuluyi.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Ilya Ilyich amalemberana ndi anzawo aku Russia, kuphatikiza Ivan Sechenov, Dmitry Mendeleev ndi Ivan Pavlov.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Mechnikov chidwi osati sayansi yeniyeni komanso nzeru ndi chipembedzo. Ali wokalamba, adakhala woyambitsa sayansi ya gerontology ndikuwonetsa lingaliro la orthobiosis.
Ilya Mechnikov adati moyo wa munthu uyenera kufikira zaka 100 kapena kupitilira apo. M'malingaliro ake, munthu akhoza kutalikitsa moyo wake kudzera muzakudya zoyenera, ukhondo komanso kukhala ndi chiyembekezo pa moyo.
Komanso, Mechnikov anasankha microflora ya m'mimba mwazinthu zomwe zimakhudza zaka zakukhala ndi moyo. Zaka zingapo asanamwalire, adasindikiza nkhani yokhudza phindu la mkaka wofukiza.
Wasayansi anafotokoza malingaliro ake mwatsatanetsatane m'mabuku a "Studies of Optimism" ndi "Studies of Human Nature".
Moyo waumwini
Ilya Mechnikov anali munthu wamaganizidwe komanso wokonda kusintha kwamaganizidwe.
Ali mwana, Ilya nthawi zambiri ankakhala wovutika maganizo ndipo pokhapokha atakula adatha kukwaniritsa mgwirizano ndi chilengedwe, komanso kuyang'ana mozungulira dziko lomuzungulira.
Mechnikov anakwatiwa kawiri. Mkazi wake woyamba anali Lyudmila Fedorovich, yemwe anakwatirana naye mu 1869.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wosankhidwa wake, yemwe adadwala chifuwa chachikulu, anali wofooka kotero kuti nthawi yaukwati amayenera kukhala pampando wachifumu.
Wasayansi ankayembekezera kuti angachiritse mkazi wake ku matenda oopsa, koma zoyesayesa zake zonse zinalephera. Zaka 4 pambuyo pa ukwati, Lyudmila anamwalira.
Imfa ya wokondedwa wake inali nkhonya yamphamvu kwa Ilya Ilicha kuti adaganiza zodzipha. Adamwa kwambiri morphine, zomwe zidadzetsa kusanza. Kungoti chifukwa cha izi, mwamunayo adakhalabe wamoyo.
Kachiwiri, Mechnikov anakwatira Olga Belokopytova, yemwe anali wamng'ono kwa iye zaka 13.
Ndiponso biologist amafuna kudzipha, chifukwa cha matenda a mkazi wake, yemwe adadwala typhus. Ilya Ilyich adadzipiritsa ndi mabakiteriya a kutentha thupi.
Komabe, atadwala kwambiri, adatha kuchira, monga mkazi wake.
Imfa
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov anamwalira ku Paris pa Julayi 15, 1916 ali ndi zaka 71. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, anadwala matenda a mtima kangapo.
Wasayansiyo adapereka thupi lake kukafufuza zamankhwala, kenako ndikuwotcha ndikuyika maliro pagawo la Pasteur Institute, lomwe lidachitika.
Zithunzi za Mechnikov
