Voltaire (dzina lobadwa François-Marie Arouet) - m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru zaku France komanso ophunzitsa m'zaka za zana la 18th, wolemba ndakatulo, wolemba pulogalamu, satirist, wolemba mbiri, wolemba mbiri komanso wolemba nkhani. Chiyambi chenicheni cha dzina labodza "Voltaire" sichikudziwika.
Mbiri ya Voltaire ili ndi zambiri zosangalatsa. Zinali ndi zokwera ndi zotsika zambiri, koma, komabe, dzina la wafilosofiyo lakhazikika m'mbiri.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Voltaire.
Mbiri ya Voltaire
Voltaire adabadwa Novembala 21, 1694 ku Paris. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la a François Marie Arouet.
Amayi a woganiza zamtsogolo, a Marie Margaret Daumard, adachokera kubanja lolemekezeka. Onse pamodzi, makolo a Voltaire anali ndi ana asanu.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Voltaire adabadwa mwana wofooka kwambiri kotero kuti amayi ndi abambo ake poyamba samakhulupirira kuti mnyamatayo akhoza kukhala ndi moyo. Iwo mpaka anaitana wansembe, poganiza kuti mwana wawo watsala pang'ono kumwalira. Komabe, mwanayo adakwanitsabe kutuluka.
Voltaire atadutsa zaka 7, amayi ake adamwalira. Ichi chinali vuto loyamba lalikulu mu mbiri yake.
Zotsatira zake, kuleredwa ndi chisamaliro cha mwana wake wamwamuna zidagwera paphewa la abambo ake. Voltaire nthawi zambiri sankagwirizana ndi kholo lake, chifukwa chake panali mikangano pafupipafupi pakati pawo.
Popita nthawi, Voltaire adayamba kuphunzira kukoleji ya Jesuit. Kwazaka zambiri, adayamba kudana ndi maJesuit, omwe amakhulupirira miyambo yachipembedzo kuposa moyo wamunthu.
Pambuyo pake, abambo ake adakonza zoti a Voltaire pakampani ya zamalamulo, koma mnyamatayo adazindikira msanga kuti nkhani zamalamulo sizimamukhudza. M'malo mwake, adakondwera kwambiri kulemba zolemba zosiyanasiyana.
Mabuku
Ali ndi zaka 18, Voltaire adalemba sewero lake loyamba. Anapitiliza kukhala wolemba, akumadzipezera mbiri yoti ndi mfumu yoseketsa.
Zotsatira zake, olemba ena ndi olemekezeka adachita mantha kupeza ntchito za Voltaire, momwe adawonetsedwa moipa.
Mu 1717, Mfalansa wopanda nzeru analipira mtengo wa nthabwala zake zamphamvu. Atanyoza regent ndi mwana wake wamkazi, Voltaire adamangidwa ndikutumizidwa ku Bastille.
Ali m'ndende, wolemba adapitilizabe kuphunzira zolemba (onani zambiri zosangalatsa za zolemba). Atamasulidwa, Voltaire adatchuka chifukwa cha sewero lake "Oedipus", lomwe linakonzedwa bwino ku zisudzo zakomweko.
Pambuyo pake, wolemba masewerowa adasindikiza za zovuta zina 30, zomwe zambiri mwazomwe zidaphatikizidwamo zapamwamba zaku France. Kuphatikiza apo, mauthenga, mawu olimba mtima ndi ma odes adatuluka pansi pa cholembera chake. M'ntchito ya Mfalansa, zovuta ndi kusokoneza nthawi zambiri zinali zogwirizana.
Mu 1728 Voltaire adasindikiza nthano yake "Henriad", momwemo mopanda mantha adadzudzula mafumu achiwawa chifukwa chokhulupirira Mulungu mopambanitsa.
Patadutsa zaka 2, wafilosofi adalemba ndakatulo "Namwali wa Orleans", yomwe idakhala imodzi mwazinthu zowoneka bwino kwambiri mu mbiri yake yakale. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ndakatuloyi idaloledwa kuti ifalitsidwe zaka 32 zokha isanatuluke, isanatulutsidwe m'maina osadziwika.
Mdzakazi wa Orleans adalankhula za heroine wotchuka waku France Jeanne d'Arc. Komabe, sizinali zambiri za Jeanne koma zokhudzana ndi ndale komanso mabungwe achipembedzo.
Voltaire adalembanso pamtundu wazinthu zanzeru, kukakamiza owerenga kuti azilingalira za tanthauzo la moyo, miyezo yamakhalidwe, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zina.
Mwa ntchito zopambana kwambiri za Voltaire amadziwika kuti ndi nkhani yayifupi "Candide, kapena Optimism", yomwe munthawi yochepa kwambiri idakhala yogulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kwa nthawi yayitali, sizinkaloledwa kusindikiza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mawu oseketsa komanso zokambirana zonyansa.
Zoyeserera zonse za ngwazi zam'bukuli zidali zonyoza anthu, akuluakulu komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo.
Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chidalemba bukuli, koma izi sizinalepheretse kuti lithandizire gulu lankhondo lalikulu, kuphatikiza Pushkin, Flaubert ndi Dostoevsky.
Nzeru
Pa mbiri ya 1725-1726. mkangano unabuka pakati pa Voltaire ndi wolemekezeka de Rogan. Wachiwiriyu adamenya wafilosofi uja chifukwa chofuna kumunyoza.
Zotsatira zake, Voltaire adatumizidwanso ku Bastille. Chifukwa chake, wolingalirayo adatsimikiza ndi zomwe adakumana nazo zakusakondera komanso kupanda chilungamo kwa anthu. M'tsogolomu, adakhala wolimbikira poteteza chilungamo komanso kusintha chikhalidwe.
Atamasulidwa, Voltaire adathamangitsidwa ku England molamulidwa ndi wamkulu wa dziko. Kumeneko anakumana ndi anzeru ambiri omwe adamutsimikizira kuti popanda kuthandizidwa ndi tchalitchi ndizosatheka kuyandikira kwa Mulungu.
Popita nthawi, Voltaire adasindikiza Makalata Achifilosofi, momwe amalimbikitsa malingaliro a John Locke, komanso kukana malingaliro okonda chuma.
M'ntchito yake, wolemba adalankhula za kufanana, chitetezo ndi ufulu. Komabe, sanayankhe molondola funso lonena za kukhalako kwa moyo pambuyo pa imfa.
Ngakhale Voltaire adadzudzula mwamphamvu miyambo ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, sanachirikize zoti kulibe Mulungu. Woganiza anali deist - kukhulupirira kuti kuli Mlengi, momwe ziphunzitso zilizonse kapena zozizwitsa zimakanidwa.
Moyo waumwini
Kuphatikiza pa kulemba, Voltaire ankakonda kusewera chess. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 20, mdani wake anali Adamist wa Chiyuda, yemwe adasewera naye masewera masauzande ambiri.
Wokondedwa wa Mfalansa wotchuka anali Marquis du Châtelet, yemwe ankakonda masamu ndi fizikiya. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti nthawi ina mtsikanayo anali kutanthauzira zina mwa ntchito za Isaac Newton.
Marquise anali mkazi wokwatiwa, koma amakhulupirira kuti ntchito zonse kwa mwamuna wake ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa pokhapokha ana atabadwa. Zotsatira zake, msungwanayo mobwerezabwereza adayamba zibwenzi kwakanthawi kochepa ndi asayansi osiyanasiyana.
Du Châtelet adalimbikitsa Voltaire kukonda ma equation ndi zovuta zovuta zomwe achinyamata nthawi zambiri amathetsa limodzi.
Mu 1749, mkazi adamwalira atabereka mwana, zomwe zidakhala zowopsa kwa woganiza. Kwa kanthawi adataya chidwi ndi moyo, ndikudwala nkhawa.
Ndi ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti Voltaire anali milionea. Ngakhale ali mwana, adalandira upangiri wambiri wabwino kuchokera kwa osunga ndalama omwe adamuphunzitsa momwe angayendetsere ndalama bwino.
Pofika zaka makumi anayi, a Walter anali atapeza chuma chambiri, akugulitsa zida zankhondo ndikupereka ndalama zogulira zombo.
Kuphatikiza apo, adapeza zaluso zosiyanasiyana, ndipo amalandila ndalama kuchokera kuzinthu zoumba zomwe zili munyumba yake ku Switzerland.
Imfa
Atakalamba, Voltaire anali wotchuka kwambiri. Atsogoleri andale odziwika, anthu wamba komanso azikhalidwe amafuna kulankhulana naye.
Wafilosofiyo adalemberana mitu ndi maboma osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Catherine II ndi mfumu ya Prussian Frederick II.
Voltaire adamwalira pa Meyi 30, 1778 ku Paris ali ndi zaka 83. Pambuyo pake, zotsalira zake zidasamutsidwa ku Parisian Pantheon, komwe ali lero.
